Unit 1 THE FIRST TEXANS

Studying the past Texas has a long history. More than 12,000 years long. The first people to move into North America and eventually Texas came from Asia

The first texans Texas Era’s Historians divide the past into shorter periods called eras Eras can be any length of time Texas Era’s Natural Texas and Its People Before 1528 Age of Contact 1528-1690 Spanish Colonial Period 1690-1821 Mexican National Period 1821-1836 Revolution and Republic 1835-1845 Early Statehood 1845-1861 Texas in the Civil War 1861-1874 Cotton, Cattle, and Railroads 1865-1900 Age of Oil 1894-1935

The first texans How they got here is up for debate Some may have crossed a land bridge that connected Alaska and Asia

Thinking questions What skills did they have? What did they do for food? How did they survive?

The first texans The first Texans lived long before the invention of writing The period before written history is known as Prehistory Anthropologists and Archaeologists have sifted through layers of earth in search of artifacts to answer questions about Paleo-Indians. Paleo means old or ancient. Lived in Texas 12,000 years ago

Gulf Culture Area Unit 1 (Pages 72-74)

Natives on the Gulf Coast 1/7 Natives on the Gulf Coast Home to two groups, Karankawas and Coahuiltecans Lived in the area between Galveston and Corpus Christi Hunter-gatherers: lived on mainly small animals (deer and rabbits) and small plants such as nuts, cacti, and roots Nomadic: moved from place to place in temporary dwellings that were made of mud, animal skins and brush, called wigwams

3/7 The Karankawas Men would hunt on foot and fish with large bows and arrows or fish traps using dugout canoes Women gathered plants and took care of the camp

Daily Life of the Karankawas 4/7 Daily Life of the Karankawas Because of hot climate, usually wore very little or no clothing Painted bodies with bright colors Rubbed alligator fat on their bodies to keep mosquitos away

Daily Life of the Karankawas 5/7 Daily Life of the Karankawas European diseases and fighting with other groups would kill off the Karankawas by mid 1800’s

The Coahuiltecans Lived in Far South TX and Northern Mexico 6/7 The Coahuiltecans Lived in Far South TX and Northern Mexico Not a single unified group, independent groups living near each other Wore very little clothing Men and women grew hair very long

7/7 The Coahuiltecans Many died of European diseases and attacks from Apaches Many began living with Spanish and abandoned way of life By 1800 the few groups that did remain joined other Indian groups

The Plains Culture Area Tonkawas Apaches Comanches Kiowas

TONKAWAS Geographic Lifestyle Appearance The Tonkawas lived on the North Central Plains of Texas Lifestyle Depended on the Buffalo for food, clothing and shelter (Tepees) Hunter-gatherers. Hunted small game such as rabbits, rattlesnakes, and skunks. Gathered berries, fruits and nuts Appearance Wore clothing made from Buffalo skin

APACHES Geographic Political Apaches lived on the Great Plains of Texas They migrated there between 1000 and 1400 AD Originally from northern Canada There are 2 Apache groups. Mescaleros and Lipan Political Apaches were organized into bands Led by the most prominent family member Lived close together for defensive purposes or for ceremonies

APACHES Lifestyle Adapted quickly to the introduction of the horse Horses changed their way of life Skilled buffalo hunters They used everything they could from the buffalo body for everyday life

APACHES Demise Driven out of Texas by the Comanche and the arrival of the Spanish. By the mid 1800’s, the Apaches had been driven from Texas

COMANCHES Geographic Political Originally lived in the western United States Moved to the Great Plains in the 1700’s Political Lived in bands Each band led by a peace chief and a war chief Each helped make the important decisions for the band

COMANCHES Lifestyle Known as the “Lord of the Plains” Most skilled horseman in the world Most feared Indian group Quannah Parker most well known Comanche ---- --------------- The Buffalo was their source of life. Controlled the Great Plains with fear.

KIOWAS Geographic Lifestyle Moved into Great Plains in the early 1800’s to escape enemies Lifestyle Hunted Buffalo Gathered fruits, berries and nuts Men did hunting and fighting Women sewed and prepared buffalo hides Became allies with Comanche and fiercely defended their way of life

The Pueblo Culture Area Jumanos

JUMANOS Geographic Lifestyle Lived in large villages along the Rio Grande Lifestyle Lived in permanent houses out of Adobe. 30-40 people lived in each house Gathered wild plants for food and hunted buffalo Traded goods with other Indian groups

JUMANOS Lifestyle Appearance Used bows and arrows to hunt Buffalo Used hides to make many objects such as shields and clubs Appearance Wore clothing and shoes made out of buffalo hide. Wore jewelry made of copper, coral, and turquoise. Tattooed and painted their faces with striped lines.

JUMANOS Demise of the Jumano The arrival of the Spanish marked the beginning of a difficult time for the Jumanos. Spanish brought diseases that killed many of them Drought, crop failure, and the loss of the buffalo were a major contributor Attacks from the Apache for control of hunting grounds and broken promises from Spanish leaders were also factors In the end, Jumanos lost their land and by the mid 1700’s did not have a substantial existence

Texas Indians of Southeastern Culture Area – Caddo, Wichita, and Atakapas

CADDO Geographic Moved into Eastern Texas (around the Red River) from Arkansas, Louisiana and Oklahoma Political Led by an inherited chief (caddi) Made political decisions such as when to go to war or share ceremonial peace pipe Kin-based groups or bands organized into three confederacies. The Tejas confederacy is where we got our state’s name, which means “those who are friends”

CADDO Lifestyle They had permanent dwellings Their houses were wooden poles covered with grass. Developed farming techniques still used today Crop rotation to prevent soil exhaustion Setting aside extra seed for next year Burned forests to clear land for crops Men did farm work, women took care of homes They grew beans, corn, squash, sunflower seeds and tobacco.

CADDO 3/6 Social Were a matrilineal society. This means they traced their families lineage through their mother’s side. Oldest female in the family was in charge Ceremonies and rituals included giant burial mounds A stable food supply created large populations People took on new roles such as pottery makers, religious leaders, and politicians Appearance Wore animal hides for clothing Both men and women tattooed and painted their bodies

WICHITA Geographic Migrated from Kansas and settled from the Red River to near present-day Waco, Dallas, and Corsicana Political Warriors in the group elected chiefs who enforced rules for daily living Lifestyle Obtained their food primarily through farming but also hunted buffalo and deer Lived in permanent villages along creeks and rivers growing corn, beans, pumpkins, squash, and melons Appearance Had many tattoos Women tattooed circles around their eyes and line from their lip to chin Men tattooed eye lids to look like raccoons Social Lived in large villages of up to 1,000 people Built sturdy grass lodges that held 8 to 10 people Women of the group held in high regard

ATAKAPAS (translates into “man eaters”) Geographic East Texas and West Louisiana between the Caddo and the Gulf of Mexico Lived between Galveston and Sabine River Political Small bands that moved loosely to find food No overall chief Lifestyle Little is known about their houses but it is thought they lived in small lodges made out of grass, reeds, and brush. They were farmers with corn being their main crop. They also hunted wild game, buffalo, and alligator. Fished using canoes and fish traps

ATAKAPAS Appearance Social They wore simple clothing - animal skin dresses for women and breechcloths for men Social European diseases led to extinction