Molecular Geometry.

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Presentation transcript:

Molecular Geometry

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory Electron concentrations are arranged so as to be at maximum distance. Why? Electrons repel each other.

Number of Electron Concentrations Ex: CH4 H C ×

Number of Electron Concentrations Ex: CF2O O F C ×

all 4 bonded = tetrahedral 4 Regions of e− Conc. all 4 bonded = tetrahedral Ex: CH4 H C × Chemistry textbook, p. 169

4 Regions of e− Conc. H N 3 bonded = pyramidal Ex: NH3 × Chemistry textbook, p. 167

4 Regions of e− Conc. H O 2 bonded = bent 104.5° Ex: H2O × Chemistry textbook, p. 170

4 Regions of e− Conc. H F 1 bonded = linear Ex: HF × Chemistry textbook, p. 170

3 Regions of e− Conc. All 3 bonded = trigonal planar Ex: BI3 2 bonded = bent 120° Ex: GeF2 1 bonded = linear Ex: SO

2 Regions of e− Conc. Both bonded = linear Ex: BeF2 1 bonded = linear Ex: CO

# Regions # Bonds Shape 4 3 2 4 3 2 1 tetrahedral pyramidal bent 109.5° linear trig. planar bent 120° linear linear

Question How many regions of electron concentration are in this molecule? 1 2 3 4 Not enough information H N ×

H N Question How many bonds are in this molecule? 1 2 3 4 Not enough information H N ×

Bonding & Electronegativity When two atoms of the same element bond, they share e− equally, because they have the same electronegativity.

Bonding & Electronegativity If atoms with different electronegativities bond, the e− are unequally shared.

polar covalent bonds bonds in which electrons are shared unevenly between atoms having different electronegativities

Polar Covalent Bonds The greater the difference in electronegativity, the more unequal the sharing is. If the difference in electronegativity is great enough, the sharing is so unequal that the bonds are called ionic bonds.

Polar Covalent Bonds They are called polar because the unequal attraction causes the ends to be partially charged. Charged ends are called poles.

The arrow points towards the negative side of the polar molecule. Polar Covalent Bonds δ+ δ− Cl H The arrow points towards the negative side of the polar molecule.

dipole moment a measure of the amount of polarity (unequal sharing) of the entire molecule

p. 173 of Chemistry textbook (BJU Press) Credit: Spartan software

p. 173 of Chemistry textbook (BJU Press) Credit: Spartan software

p. 173 of Chemistry textbook (BJU Press) Credit: Spartan software

p. 173 of Chemistry textbook (BJU Press) Credit: Spartan software

Polar Molecules Occur when there are polar bonds UNLESS: A molecule is symmetrical. All outer electronegativities are the same.

CO2

H2S

ClBr

chemoreception the physical and chemical response of a sensory organ to the presence of a chemical Example: sense of smell of volatile chemicals

Bonding Models VB vs. MO Neither is perfect. Use the one that works best.