Unit 1 Review
Starts @ Neolithic Revolution Out of Africa Period 1 8000BCE-600BCE Starts @ Neolithic Revolution Out of Africa All people come from AFR Bering Strait
Civilization (farming) leads to disease, gender inequality, social inequality 8000 BCE – Neolithic Revolution/Agricultural Revolution First crops = wheat/barley in Middle East Then rice/China, yams/AFR, maize/AME Farming brings surplus of food
Domesticated animals start in Middle East Only Llamas in AME sheep, goats, cows, pigs Only Llamas in AME Columbia Exchange? Most civs develop independently Especially AME Ag settlements (not civs) Jericho 8000 BCE (Israel) Chatel Huyuk 7000 BCE (Turkey)
What is a civ? Food surplus Job specialization Writing Art Trade Stratification Military New Tech
Metals during this time are very important First Bronze (copper + tin) 3000 BCE First Iron 1300 BCE
Environment altered by humans Themes Environment altered by humans Irrigation Indus, Nile, Yellow all flood Developments from cultural interaction Trade among empires As civilization progresses, woman’s status declines Hunters/gatherers egalitarian
Travelers = causing trouble, less stability Sumer River Valley Civs: Mesopotamia Flooding = angry gods Travelers = causing trouble, less stability Sumer Cuneiform = earliest known writing Epic of Gilgamesh Flood found in other stories
Sumerian Advancements Wheel, calendar, 60 base number system Govs less centralized City states Sumerian Advancements Wheel, calendar, 60 base number system
Babylonians take over Sumer Code of Hammurabi Diff rules for diff classes Super strict Gender inequality
Mesopotamia highlights: Polytheistic Not centralized gov Hammurabi’s Code Cuneiform Wheel Gilgamesh
Hittites bring iron to Mesopotamia Diffusion – getting something from another culture
Major Mesopotamian cultures: Sumer Acadians Babylon Hittites Assyrians Persians
Nile predictable flooding 3 kingdoms – old, middle, new Egypt Nile predictable flooding Less angry gods? 3 kingdoms – old, middle, new Pyramids in old Interact w/ Nubians in middle More militaristic in new
Pharaoh is middle More centralized than Meso Pyramids show stratification Hieroglyphics (probably borrowed from Meso) Papyrus = paper
Compare Zigs, Pyrs, AME pyrs
Compare Cuneiform, Hieroglyphics, Mayan Glyphs
Hatshepsut – woman ruler Then Egypt has more status for women than other civs Diffusion of bronze into Egypt from Hyksos
Egyptian Highlights: Polytheistic Social Stratification Centralized (more than Mesopotamia) Higher status for women Pyramids Hieroglyphics
Indus (Pakistan) (N. India) Indoor plumbing, peaceful Cities: Mohenjo Daro, Harappa Indoor plumbing, peaceful Social stratification Proof of long distance trade Indus seals found in Mesopotamia/China Aryans take over end Indus Civ Start Hinduism/Caste System
China (Shang Dynasty) first Oracle bones Scratch questions, fire, get answers from ancestors Zhou (Joe) – Longest dynasty Create mandate of heaven God gives emperor right to rule if he is good Maybe justification to overthrow Shang?
Exceptions to river valley rule Americas Olmec in Central America Chavin in Peru
Bantu migrations (2000BCE) Important groups Indo-Europeans Rode horses Spread from C. Asia Aryans/Huns Bantu migrations (2000BCE) Sub Sahara Spread their language, farming and iron Hebrews (first monotheists) Phoenicians Phonetics (becomes modern alphabet)
Animism – “animating” giving objects spirits Hinduism Judaism Religion in U1: Animism – “animating” giving objects spirits Africa, Asia Hinduism Judaism Zoroastrianism Good and evil starts here. Arguments for this was first monotheist religion Good god/bad god maybe polytheistic Maybe archetype for God/Devil