4 The Art of Critical Reading Reading Critically Mather ▪ McCarthy PART 4 Reading Critically Chapter 9 Point of View © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Art of Critical Reading The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy Introduction to Point of View Point of view is a mental attitude from which a person views or judges something. *A point of view can be favorable, unfavorable, or neutral. *A writer’s point of view leads to opinions and beliefs. *Other terms for point of view are perspective and standpoint. A critical reader must be able to recognize and understand an author’s point of view while maintaining an open and questioning attitude.   Chapter 9: Point of View 2 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Art of Critical Reading The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy Test-Taking Tip Improving Your Performance on Essay Tests   During the test… Carefully read the question, and think: What is the question asking you to do? Give yourself some time to think before you start writing. Think which material from the course the answer will involve, and make some notes of what you remember about this material. Chapter 9: Point of View 3 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Art of Critical Reading The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy Remember to write legibly and answer in complete sentences. Proofread your essay before turning it in, and correct any grammar, spelling, or punctuation mistakes. If you do not have enough time to answer the entire question, you can write some notes in summary form at the end to get partial credit.   Chapter 9: Point of View 4 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Art of Critical Reading The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy Vocabulary This unit begins with word parts relating to law, politics, and power. It then looks at word parts relating to religious beliefs, and then covers word parts relating to time.   legis—law; demos—people; polis—city; graph--write legal of or based on law; lawful. Comes from legis meaning “law. legislature a group of people who meet together to write and enact laws. Chapter 9: Point of View 5 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Art of Critical Reading The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy legitimate Allowed by law or custom; being justifiable; born of parents who are married to each other.   illegitimate against the laws or rules. democracy Demos means “the people,” so democracy means “government by the people.”    demography Literally demography means “to write about people.”It is the science of vital and social statistics, concerned with such things as the births, deaths, diseases, marriages, and education of a population. Chapter 9: Point of View 6 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Art of Critical Reading The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy The following words come from the Greek word polis, which means city-state. In ancient Greece, each city was a state unto itself because there was no greater political authority.   political In ancient Greece, each city-state was responsible for its own political or governmental affairs. Today the word also refers to political parties, such as Libertarian, Republican, Democratic, or Green. politician a person who is active in politics as a career; a seeker or holder of public office. Chapter 9: Point of View 7 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Art of Critical Reading The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy cracy--rule, strength, power; archy—rule; auto--self, by one’s self; theo--god   anarchy the complete absence of government or the rule of law. monarchy government by one person, usually a king, queen, or emperor.   autocracy government in which one person has all the power. Auto means “self or by one’s self.” oligarchy a form of government in which power is vested in a few persons. Chapter 9: Point of View 8 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Art of Critical Reading The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy plutocracy a government in which the wealthy class rules.   patriarchy an institution or organization in which power is held by males and passed on through males, quite often from father to son. matriarchy a family, society, or state governed by women or where a woman is the dominant member of the group. theocracy theo means “god,” so a theocracy means “rule by God.” A theocracy is a government that claims to be based on divine authority   Chapter 9: Point of View 9 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Art of Critical Reading The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy agogos—lead, bring together, excite; potis—powerful; syn--same   demagog(ue) according to its word parts, a demagogue is a person who leads and excites people, or a person who gains power by arousing people’s emotions and prejudices. The word usually has a negative connotation. synagogue A building where Jews gather for worship and religious study. The literal meaning is to bring together or lead. potent having great power; having a strong effect on the body or mind; producing powerful physical or chemical effects. Chapter 9: Point of View 10 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Art of Critical Reading The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy potential capable of coming into being but not yet actual.   potentate A person having great power; a ruler or monarch. deus—god; sanct—holy; sacri—holy; ology--study of; ism- doctrine or theory theology the study of God and religious beliefs. atheism the belief that there is no god. Chapter 9: Point of View 11 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Art of Critical Reading The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy monotheism the belief that there is only one god.   polytheism the belief in more than one god. deity a god or goddess. deify to make a god of. sanctuary a sacred or holy place; a place of protection, shelter, or refuge. sanctify to make saintly or holy. Chapter 9: Point of View 12 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Art of Critical Reading The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy sanction approval given by someone in authority.   sacred holy or set apart for some religious purpose; not to be broken or ignored. sacrament A sacred ceremony in Christian churches, such as baptism and Holy Communion. A sacrament was originally an oath of allegiance taken by a Roman soldier. chrono—time; temp—time, moderate; ana—back, up, again chronology The science or study of measuring time; arranging events in the sequence in which they happened. Chapter 9: Point of View 13 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Art of Critical Reading The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy synchronize According to its word parts, synchronize means “at the same time. anachronism The literal meaning is “back in time.” Anything that is out of its proper time in history. chronicle to tell or write the story of; a chronological record of events; a history.   chronometer a device for measuring time; a clock or watch. temporary lasting or effective for a short time only. Chapter 9: Point of View 14 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Art of Critical Reading The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy The Art of Critical Reading Mather ▪ McCarthy contemporary existing or happening in the same period of time; a person living in the same period as another. temper a mood or state of mind. Temp also means “to moderate.” temperate neither very hot nor very cold; moderate.   temperance moderation in one’s actions, appetites, or feelings; drinking few, if any, alcoholic beverages. Chapter 9: Point of View 15 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.