Regional Civilizations Chapter 3 Regional Civilizations

Section 1 – The World of Islam QOD – What are the major beliefs and principles of Islam? Objective – Explore the early history of Islam and the influence of its cultural, artistic, and scientific contributions to the world.

The Arabs Nomadic, herded sheep & farmed Semitic-speaking Lived in the Arabian Peninsula-harsh desert with little water Believed in supreme god, Allah and also believed in tribal gods Ancestors go back to Abraham who built a shrine at Makkah(Mecca) called the Kaaba-its cornerstone was sacred called the Black Stone

Life of Muhammad Born in Makkah Muslims believed he was a prophet He believed Allah’s final messages were to him Quran-a book containing the holy scriptures of Islam, Muhammad’s revelations, guidelines for Muslims

Life of Muhammad His followers were persecuted Hijrah- the journey of Muhammad to Madinah (Medina)- “city of the prophet” He returned to Makkah and converted them to Islam Muhammad died as Islam began to spread Hajj-all Muslims are encouraged to make this pilgrimage to Makkah

Teachings of Muhammad Five Pillars of Islam-ethical code, 5 beliefs No deity, but One God & Muhammad is his messenger Prayer-perform prescribed prayers 5 times a day Charity- give part of their wealth to the poor Fasting- refrain from food and drink from dawn to sunset during month of Ramadan Pilgrimage- make a trip to Makkah once in their life

Creation of Arab Empire Abu Bakr-Muhammad’s father-in-law, the first caliph Caliph- name given to Abu Bakr, successor to Muhammad Under Abu Bakr the Arabs conquered the Byzantine province of Syria and the entire Persian Empire

Successors of Arab Empire In 661 Mu’awiyah became caliph. began Umayyad dynasty. Moved capital from Madinah to Damascus Beginning of 8th century, Arab armies crossed into southern Spain Spain became Muslim Battle of Tours-brought an end to Arab expansion in Europe

Successors of Arab Empire In 732- Arabs conquered southern and eastern Mediterranean & extended east to Mesopotamia and Persia & north to central Asia In 750- Abu al-Abbas overthrew Umayyad dynasty and founded Abbasid dynasty which lasted until 1258 Built new capital in Baghdad, on Tigris River

Successors of Arab Empire Harun al-Rashid-his reign considered the golden age, he ruled at the height of Abbasid empire

Successors of Arab Empire Seljuk Turks- nomadic people from Asia, converted to Islam, soldiers for Abbasid caliphate. Seljuk Turks grew stronger & captured Abbasid capital in 1055 Sultan- title of Turkish leader who captured Baghdad, means the “holder of power”

Successors of Arab Empire Mongols Genghis Khan-unified the Mongols and was given the title “strong ruler” Mongol armies spread across central Asia. In 1258, Mongols seized Persia & Mesopotamia hated Islam & destroyed Baghdad & the Abbasid caliphate ended

Economy & Social Structure Arab Empire was prosperous from trade by ship and camel caravans Trade prospered in Abbasid dynasty Muslims followed the Quran closely Islam claimed all people were equal, but in the Arab Empire there was a well-defined upper class Quran allowed women spiritual & social equality, but men were dominant in the family and social order

Brilliance of Islamic Culture Effect of Muslim culture on Europe was seen most clearly in Spain under Islamic rule Ibn-Rushd- Arab scholar who wrote commentaries on Aristotle’s works

Brilliance of Islamic Culture The first year of the Muslim calendar marks the migration to Madinah

Brilliance of Islamic Culture Ibn Sina-famous philosopher and scientist; wrote a medical encyclopedia His works were translated into Latin and used in medieval European universities

Section 2 – Early African Civilizations QOD – What were the first 3 civilizations in Africa? Objective – Explore how trade and the introduction of Christianity and Islam affected the way the early African civilizations developed and interacted.

Emergence of Civilization Africa is 2nd largest continent Farming gave rise to the first civilizations-Egypt, Kush, & Axum Kush made itself independent from Egypt around 1,000 B.C. Axum was founded by Arabs and combined Arab and African cultures King Enza converted to Christianity and made it official religion of Axum

Royal Kingdoms of West Africa Ghana-one of the first great trading states of West Africa, had an abundance of gold They traded gold for textiles, metal, horses, and salt Berbers- nomadic people, who carried goods across the desert with camel caravans Ghana was eventually weakened by wars

Royal Kingdoms of West Africa The trading state, Mali, replaced Ghana Sundiata Keita- established Mali. Most of Mali’s people were grain farmers Mansa Musa – ruled Mali 1307-1337 doubled its size and created strong government Encouraged building of mosques and the study of the Quran

Royal Kingdoms of West Africa Songhai Began to surpass Mali. Sunni Ali- created the Songhai dynasty, his conquests gave Songhai control of trading empire Muhammad Ture- ruled Songhai at the height of its power

Societies in East & South Africa Muslims began to settle in Eastern Africa in the 8th century Farmers who spoke Bantu language moved into East Africa and Congo River basin Bantu- dialect that came from Niger River region They took part in the trade on the African coast and it resulted in trading posts States formed slowly in southern Africa. Zimbabwe- the most wealthy trading state in south Africa

African Society & Culture Peoples’ identities were determined by their membership in an extended family and in a lineage group Lineage group- communities of extended family units- served as basic building blocks of African society

African Society & Culture While religious beliefs varied elsewhere, African societies shared common ideas Belief in various gods, diviners foretelling events, importance of ancestors Art Artists from Benin, in West Africa, produced impressive bronze statues

Section 3 – The Asian World QOD – What invention helped make literature both more available and more popular? Objective – Describe the Sui, Tang, Song, and Mongol dynasties of early China. The rise of Japan, the influence of Islam on India, and the formation of the states of Southeast Asia.

China Reunified China fell into chaos after the Han Dynasty ended in 220 After 300 years of civil war the short-lived Sui dynasty was set up in 581. This dynasty was unable to unify China under the emperor’s authority

China Reunified Tang Dynasty Peasants’ lives began to improve during the Tang dynasty because they were given land and the peace necessary to farm it Brought peace to northwestern China & expanded control over Tibet Uighurs- hired by Tang rulers to fight for the dynasty but instead overthrew the Tang

China Reunified Song Dynasty The Song dynasty was overthrown by the Mongols The Song formed an alliance with Mongols to try to keep power, but Mongols overthrew them and established the Mongol Dynasty

China Reunified There was 700 years from the beginning of the Sui and the end of the Song dynasty

The Mongol Empire Genghis Khan- “strong ruler” He unified the Mongols created the largest empire in history Despite his death, by 1279, China was conquered by the Mongolians 1260-Mongols attacked Song dynasty of China

The Mongol Empire Kublai Khan Completed the conquest of China and advanced to Vietnam. He established Yuan dynasty in China In 1281, a Mongol fleet invading Japan was destroyed by a typhoon

The Mongol Empire Mongols were successful in ruling China The Mongol dynasty fell when a peasant, Zhu Yaunzhang, raised an army and set up the Ming dynasty- The Ming dynasty overthrew Mongol rule

The Mongol Empire The period between Tang & Ming dynasties was a time of great Chinese art and literature The emphasis on landscape in Chinese painting reflects the Daoist search for balance in nature

The Rise of the Japanese State China is a large continent while Japan is a chain of many islands To fend off Chinese invasion, Shotoku Taishi of the Yamato clan attempted to unify the Japanese clans Like China, he created a centralized govt. with a supreme rule He wanted to limit power or aristocrats Portrayed the ruler as divine and a symbol of the Japanese nation

The Rise of the Japanese State After Taishi’s death, the Fujiwara clan held power even though a Yamato ruler was still emperor In 710 the capital was moved to Nara During the Nara period, the central govt. steadily lost power because aristocratic families were able to keep tax revenues for themselves

The Rise of the Japanese State Heinan Period Capital was moved from Nara to Heian, modern day Kyoto. Govt. continued the process of decentralizing Powerful families controlled farmland and they started to take matters of justice into their own hands

The Rise of the Japanese State Samurai- “those who serve” A class of military servants who emerged to protect the security and prosperity of the aristocrats They lived by a strict warrior code known as Bushido “the way of the warrior”.

The Rise of the Japanese State Late 12th century Japanese families were constantly in civil war Minamoto Yoritomo defeated several rivals to set up a centralized state under the rule of a military leader known as the shogun (general) This form of govt. was called Shogunate Lasted from 1192-1333

The Rise of the Japanese State The Kamakura shogunate was overthrown by a group of powerful families Aristocratic power continued to grow in the 14th & 15th centuries Daimyo- heads of noble families ,controlled large estates that were tax exempt. Daimyo means “great names”

Life & Culture in Early Japan Early Japan was a farming community Trade & manufacturing developed during the Kamakura period Japanese worshipped nature spirits called kami Landscape served as an important means of expression in Japanese art and architecture

India After the Guptas Islam was spreading to India because India was in a state of political disunity The Gupta Empire had collapsed Muhmud of Ghanzi wanted to extend his rule

India After Guptas Islam arrived with Arab armies & expanded further when rebellious Turkish slaves founded Ghazni, present day Afghanistan Founder’s son, Mahmud of Ghazni attacked Hindu kingdoms and extended his rule to the Indian Ocean before his death

India After Guptas Rajputs- Hindu warriors, opposed to Muslim advances. They resisted Mahmud and his successors Islamic cavalry was superior to the Rajputs By 1200 Muslim power extended over northern India, creating a Muslim state called Sultanate of Delhi

India After Guptas Sultanate Delhi began to decline Timur Lenk and his forces raided the capital of Delhi and then withdrew His death removed a major threat from the Indian subcontinent When Muslims ruled India they separated themselves into a ruling class apart from the native Hindus

Civilization in Southeast Asia Southeast Asia lies between China and India Populated with various cultures 2 major parts Mainland region-extends southward from China to Malay Peninsula Archipelago (chain of islands) Between 500-1500 states used Chinese and Indian models of govt., adapting them to their own needs

Civilization in Southeast Asia Vietnam had been conquered by China in 111 B.C. In the 10th century, Vietnam overthrew China Vietnam adopted the Chinese model of centralized govt. and called the new state Dai Viet. They adopted state Confucianism Angkor arose in the 9th century and united the Khmer people Angkor Thom-capital of Angkor, was the most powerful in mainland Southeast Asia

Civilization in Southeast Asia Thai from the North destroyed Angkor capital in 1432 and set up the capital Ayutthaya The Thai were threatened by the Burman peoples. Pagan- the first great Burman state, founded in the 11th century Adopted Indian political institutions & culture

Civilization in Southeast Asia The Malay Peninsula & the Indonesian Archipelago were tied by trade that passed from East Asia into the Indian Ocean The people of Malay Peninsula and Indonesian Archipelago did not unite into a single state because the people were divided into different communities

Civilization in Southeast Asia In most societies hereditary aristocrats held political power and economic wealth. Most lived in major cities Outside of the cities, there were farmers, fishers, artisans, and merchants. Most were rice farmers and they paid heavy taxes to ruler Chinese & Indian culture influenced Vietnam. Angkor Wat- a temple in Southeast Asia; great example of Indian influence

Section 4 – Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire QOD – What led to the development of feudalism? Objective – Describe the role of the church and how it played a role in the growth of European kingdoms.

The New Germanic Kingdoms After the Western Roman Empire collapsed, European civilization emerged by a conversion of 3 elements… 1. Germanic peoples 2. Roman legacy 3. Christian church

The Role of the Church By 4th century, Christian church had organizational system and developed a body of doctrine Church council- important in defining Catholic church doctrine Monasticim- the life of a monk, separated himself from worldly life

Charlemagne and the Carolingians Charlemagne- became ruler of Frankish kingdom, a strong statesman & a pious Christian Ruled from 768-814. He expanded the kingdom to cover much of western and central Europe known as the Carolingian Empire In 800 he was crowned emperor of the Romans

Feudalism Carolingian Empire fell apart after Charlemagne’s death People began to turn to aristocrats to protect them. Nobles traded service for protection. Feudalism- relationship between lords and vassals Vassal- a man who served a lord militarity The major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to perform military services

Feudalism Fief- the land the lord granted to a vassal Vassals had political authority in their fiefs Feudalism was a set of unwritten rules known as the feudal contract. These rules determined relationship between lord and vassal

The Growth of European Kingdoms Gradually kinds began to extend their powers-laid the foundations for the European kingdoms that still dominate Europe The political institutions created by England impacted the formation of democracy in the United States William of Normandy defeated King Harold in the Battle of Hastings. King William began to combine Anglo-Saxon and Norman institutions

The Growth of European Kingdoms Henry II- ruled from 1154-1189; expanded power of English royal courts The royal courts were all over the land, a body of common law was introduced Common law- law common to the whole kingdom

The Growth of European Kingdoms Many resented the monarchy’s power and rebelled against King John King John was forced to sign a document of right called the Magna Carta, or Great Charter Magna Carta- used to strengthen the idea that the monarch had limited power Primarily intended to protect feudal rights, the Magna Carta eventually guarded the rights of all English people

The Growth of European Kingdoms Reign of Edward I English Parliament- important step in developing a representational govt. Composed of: 2 knights from each county, 2 people from every town, and all nobles and bishops House of Lords-nobles and church lords House of Commons- knights and townspeople The Parliament imposed taxes and passed laws

The Growth of European Kingdoms King Phillip II Augustus- increased the power of the French monarchy Frederick I created a new empire consisting of Germany and Italy which was called the Holy Roman Empire Frederick II wanted to establish strong rule in Italy

The Growth of European Kingdoms Slavic people of central Europe divided into three groups western slavs, southern slavs, & eastern slavs Western slavs- accepted Catholicism and Latin culture Alexander Nevsky- his decendents became leaders of all Russia

Byzantine Empire Justinian became emperor of the Eastern Roman empire The legal heritage of Rome was preserved in The Body of Civil Law, compiled under order of Justinian The most serious challenge to Eastern Roman Empire was Islam Greek became the official language The Christian church became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church

The Crusades Crusades-European Christians carried out a series of military expeditions The Crusades began because The Byzantine emperor asked Europeans for help Pope Urban II wanted a great cause to prove his leadership Europeans wanted to capture Jerusalem & Palestine from the Muslims

The Crusades Facts about the Crusades Alexius I asked Europe for military aid Urban II wanted Europe to liberate the Holy Land from Muslims Italian port cities prospered from supplying Europeans in Palestine