Chapters 2 & 3 Plant Tissues Growth General Plant Anatomy Botany Chapters 2 & 3 Plant Tissues Growth General Plant Anatomy

Objective #1 Identify major organelles characteristic of Plant cells

1. Major Organelles of Plant Cells Cytoskeleton Desmotubule Chloroplast Nucleus ER (rough/smooth) Golgi Mitochondrion Vacuole Transport Vesicle Cell Wall

2. Organelle Structure and Function Discuss the structure and function of: Chloroplasts and Vacuoles Cytoskeleton Plasma membrane Cell wall Plasmodesmata & desmotubules

Organelle Videos Cellular Organelles http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=aczbMlS Mr8U&list=PLFCE4D 99C4124A27A&inde x=52 Endosymbiosis http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=- FQmAnmLZtE&list= PL7A750281106CD0 67&index=74

Cell Wall

Function of the Cell Wall Structural Support Absorption and movement of water between cells Support against osmotic pressure https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62t2A eCOly4

Photosynthesis Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g78utc LQrJ4&list=PL7A750281106CD067&inde x=39

Chloroplasts

Chloroplast Function Photosynthesis Sunlight + CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2 Energy Fixing In the Thylakoid Converts sunlight energy stored as ATP Carbon Fixing In the Stroma Uses energy stored as ATP & NADPH Reduces CO2 to carbohydrate (CH2O)

Vacuole

Vacuole Function Storage Water Dissolved Minerals Sugars (product of photosynthesis)

Cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton Structure & Function Internal structural support and movement Components: Microtubules Made of tubulin protein Form Spindle fibers (for mitosis/meiosis) Microfilaments Made of actin (also a component of muscle) Cause internal movements Intermediate filaments

Plasma Membrane

Membrane Structure “Fluid Mosaic” Phospholipid Bilayer Hydrophilic phosphate Hydrophobic fatty acids Proteins interspersed in the bilayer For connection to cytoskeleton On the surface (antigens, receptors) For transport

Function of the Plasma Membrane Selective Permeability Diffusion Role of Concentration Gradient Facilitated Diffusion Role of Channel Proteins Osmosis Water flow “Water Potential” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QCxTf0QfTo

Membrane & Transport Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7CJ7x ZOjm0&list=PL7A750281106CD067&ind ex=7

Transport Video Diffusion and Osmosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QCx Tf0QfTo

Plasmodesmata

Simple transport between cells Plasmodesmata and desmotubules allow direct connection between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

Apoplastic and Symplastic Transport https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWNtXw-MWtE

3. Differentiation of Plant Tissues Discuss “meristem” tissue and relate meristem cells to the process of differentiation.

Meristem Tissue is Growth Tissue “Undifferentiated” cells are capable of developing into any type of mature tissue Growth can occur in two different dimensions: Length and Width Plants have 2 different meristem tissues, one for each type of growth Some meristem tissues will remain undifferentiated, and some will develop permanently into a particular mature tissue

4. Meristem and Development Distinguish between “initial” and “derivative” meristem cells When a meristematic cell divides, two “daughter” cells will form One of those cells (“initial”) will stay as part of the meristem, the other (“derivative”) will be pushed outward and will differentiate

5. Plant Tissues and Growth Distinguish between “apical” and “lateral” meristem tissue. Relate each to patterns of plant growth.

Apical and Lateral Meristem “Apical”, derived from the term “apex” Apical meristem tissue is associated with the tips of shoots Growth of apical meristem results in elongation (“primary” growth) “Lateral” = to the side Lateral meristem increases width Lateral growth is “secondary” growth Cambium is lateral meristem

Meristem Tissue Meristem tissue consists of undifferentiated cells Primary Meristem Ground meristem Protoderm Procambium Secondary Meristem Vascular cambium Cork cambium

Structure http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=zHp_vo yo7MY&list=PL7A75 0281106CD067&ind ex=56 Nutrition and transport http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=bsY8j8f 54I0&list=PL7A7502 81106CD067&index =55

6. Plant Tissues & Cell Types Compare and contrast parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma tissue with regard to structure and function. http://www.youtu be.com/watch?v= 1HV8PdXLzy8 http://www.youtu be.com/watch?v=I NQ-2L788Ek

Tissue Comparison Minimal Support Flexible Support Rigid Support Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Minimal Support Flexible Support Rigid Support Thin Primary cell walls Thickened corners Secondary cell walls Turgidity (water pressure) adds support Walls contain Lignin

7. Plant Systems Identify the three plant tissue systems Ground Tissue Dermal Tissue Vascular Tissue

8. Vascular Tissue Distinguish between xylem and phloem

Vascular Tissue Xylem Consists of tracheids and vessel elements Dead at maturity Function to carry water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots Phloem Consists of sieve tube members and companion cells Alive at maturity Function to carry dissolved food from leaves to roots and stems

Vascular Bundle Cross Section

Vascular Bundle Long Section

Vascular Tissue Comparison

Another Comparison view:

9. General Anatomy of Plants Compare & contrast the structure and function of roots, stems, and leaves Stems and leaves together form the “shoot” system

Roots, Stems and Leaves Roots Stems Leaves Anchor the plant in the soil Absorb materials from soil Stems Support the leaves Transport materials between Roots and Leaves Leaves Primary organs of Photosynthesis

Root Structure Vascular tissue is concentrated at the interior of the root

Stem Structure Vascular tissue is either dispersed or concentrated near the perimeter of the stem

Leaf Structure

10. Embryonic Development Identify the parts of a plant embryo and relate these to the development of plant organs

Parts of a Plant Embryo Plumule Hypocotyl Radicle Embryonic Shoot Embryonic Stem Above the root, below the Cotyledons Radicle Embryonic Root

11. Seed Variations Compare and contrast seeds from monocots, dicots, and gymnosperms Monocots Dicots Gymnosperms 1 cotyledon 2 cotyledons Varies from 2-24 cotyledons Cotyledon remains in the seed after germination Cotyledons form the first 2 leaves Cotyledons whorled at the top of the hypocotyl

12. Growth Patterns Distinguish between primary and secondary plant growth

More Video Links UC Berkeley Cell & Tissue Types http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=xuKhC XhzUUE