Ch. 6 Warm-Up What are the 2 main types of cells? Which Domains do they consist of? List 3 ways that eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes.

Ch. 6 Warm-Up How is the size of a cell related to its function? Name 5 organelles or cell structures and their function.

Pick up handout on back counter. Warm-Up Activity: Pick up handout on back counter. Complete this handout for your warm-up activity.

Compare and contrast Animal vs. Plant Cells Animal Cell Plant Cell Ch. 6 Warm-Up Compare and contrast Animal vs. Plant Cells Animal Cell Plant Cell

Ch. 6 Warm-Up What is the structure & function of: Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments

Ch. 6 Warm-Up What is the function of: Plasmodesmata Gap junctions Tight junctions Desmosomes

CHAPTER 6 A Tour of the Cell

Correlations 6.1 Microscopes are a tool of biochemistry Is important science to understand but not tested directly. This is applied for indirect testing. 6.2, 6.3 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions 2.A.3 Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization 2.B.3 Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into specialized regions 4.A.2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular 6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and preforms metabolic function in the cell 4.B.2 Cooperative interactions within organisms promote efficiency in the use of energy and matter

Three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. You Must Know Three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The structure and function of organelles common to plant and animal cells. The structure and function of organelles found only in plant cells or only in animal cells.

2 Types of Cells: Prokaryotes: Domain Bacteria & Archaea Eukaryotes (Domain Eukarya): Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals

A PROKARYOTIC CELL (BACTERIA) 1/1/2019 Print this slide. White out terms and leave blanks. Have students fill in blanks including descriptions of each. Example is on p98. Student question what is Fimbriae=smaller and thinner appendage than the flagella used to adhere to each other or animal cells or inanimate objects.

Compare Prokaryote Eukaryote Meaning Nucleus DNA Cytosol Organelles 1/1/2019 Compare Prokaryote Eukaryote Meaning Nucleus DNA Cytosol Organelles Size Complexity example prokaryotic and eukaryotic. "Karyose" comes from a Greek word which means "kernel," as in a kernel of grain.

Prokaryote Vs. Eukaryote 1/1/2019 Prokaryote Vs. Eukaryote “before” “kernel” No nucleus DNA in a nucleoid Cytosol No organelles other than ribosomes Small size Primitive i.e. Bacteria & Archaea “true” “kernel” Has nucleus and nuclear envelope Cytosol Membrane-bound organelles with specialized structure/function Much larger in size More complex i.e. plant/animal cell prokaryotic and eukaryotic. "Karyose" comes from a Greek word which means "kernel," as in a kernel of grain.

Cell Size and Scale http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/ Scale of the Universe: http://www.onemorelevel.com/game/scale_of_the_unive rse_2012

Cells must be small to maintain a large surface area to volume ratio 1/1/2019 Cells must be small to maintain a large surface area to volume ratio Large S.A. allows  rates of chemical exchange between cell and environment Osmosis and diffusion lab includes demonstration of this with argarose cubes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuG4ZZ1GbzI

Red Blood Cell is an example of need of High Surface area to volume ratio High surface area to volume ratio is why red blood cells have a dip in the center and are not perfect sphere this creates more surface area to allow metabolic exchanges

Surface Area Example (Animal): Small Intestine: highly folded surface to increase absorption of nutrients Villi: finger-like projections on SI wall Microvilli: projections on each cell

FOLDS  VILLI  MICROVILLI

Surface Area Example (Plant): Root hairs: extensions of root epidermal cells; increase surface area for absorbing water and minerals

Nucleus Function: control center of cell Contains DNA Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope) Continuous with the rough ER Nuclear pores: control what enters/leaves nucleus Chromatin: complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes Nucleolus: region where ribosomal subunits are formed Discovered in 1970s Focus of FRQ

Student Question: What are nuclear pores Protein lined channel in the nuclear envelope of Eukaryotes that regulates transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Large complex of proteins that allows small molecules and ions to freely pass or diffuse into or out of the nucleus if the proteins have the unique sequences that signal admittance into the nucleus Regulates communication between the nucleus and cytoplasm Like a theater turn style. You must have a ticket to get in. If you are too big you use another access There are counterfeits that pass through

Nuclear Pores: Extension

Nucleus Contains DNA Function: control center of cell Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope) Continuous with the rough ER Nuclear pores: control what enters/leaves nucleus Chromatin: complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes Nucleolus: region where ribosomal subunits are formed

Ribosomes Function: protein synthesis Composed of rRNA + protein 1/1/2019 Ribosomes Knowledge of ribosomes are used as foundation for many cell application scenarios! Function: protein synthesis Composed of rRNA + protein Large subunit + small subunit Types: Free ribosomes: float in cytosol, produce proteins used within cell Bound ribosomes: attached to ER, make proteins for export from cell

Student Question: What is cytosol and what is difference between Student Question: What is cytosol and what is difference between cytoplasm and cytosol All nonnuclear portion of the cell All organelles are in the cytoplasm Gelatin like, semi-transparent liquid of cell Intracellular fluid Is a portion of the cytoplasm This is where all metabolic chemical reactions of prokaryotes Concentration gradients, protien complexes, etc are compartmentalized without a membrane http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-cytosol-and- cytoplasm/#ixzz2JgssFkVy

Endomembrane System: Regulates protein traffic & performs metabolic functions

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) 1/1/2019 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Network of membranes and sacs Types: Rough ER: ribosomes on surface Function: package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to Golgi, make replacement membrane Smooth ER: no ribosomes on surface Function: synthesize lipids, metabolize carbs, detox drugs & poisons, store Ca2+ Arent totally different. Rough has a congregation of ribosomes that just happen to be in cytoplam with H bonding on outside of ribosome caused by pH, other rxn rate affecting Packaging= cut and modify protiens 3 4 3D struct

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Does Pancreases have rough ER or smooth ER? Rough ER has ribosomes on the outside. Ribosomes synthesize proteins. Pancreas synthesizes lots of excretory enzymes = proteins. http://www.interactive-biology.com/3806/why-pancreatic-cells-have-more-rough-endoplasmic-reticulum/

1/1/2019 Golgi Apparatus Function: synthesis & packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles); produce lysosomes Series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae) Cis face: receives vesicles Trans face: ships vesicles Pass through membrane= too big, hydropho phil Golgi trans in vescicle to transports out, vescicle attaches to the membrane, exocytopsis material into extra celular matrix

Lysosomes Function: intracellular digestion; recycle cell’s materials; programmed cell death (apoptosis) Contains hydrolytic enzymes

Vacuoles Function: storage of materials (food, water, minerals, pigments, poisons) Membrane-bound vesicles Eg. food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles Plants: large central vacuole -- stores water, ions

Parts of plant & animal cell p 108-109

Mitochondria Function: site of cellular respiration Double membrane: outer and inner membrane Cristae: folds of inner membrane; contains enzymes for ATP production; increased surface area to  ATP made Matrix: fluid-filled inner compartment

Chloroplasts Function: site of photosynthesis Double membrane Thylakoid disks in stacks (grana); stroma (fluid) Contains chlorophylls (pigments) for capturing sunlight energy

Endosymbiont theory Mitochondria & chloroplasts share similar origin Prokaryotic cells engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotic cells Evidence: Double-membrane structure Have own ribosomes & DNA Reproduce independently within cell

Peroxisomes Functions: break down fatty acids; detox alcohol Involves production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Cytoskeleton: network of protein fibers Function: support, motility, regulate biochemical activities

Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Outside plasma membrane Composed of glycoproteins (ex. collagen) Function: Strengthens tissues and transmits external signals to cell

Intercellular Junctions (Animal cells) Tight junctions: 2 cells are fused to form watertight seal Desmosomes: “rivets” that fasten cells into strong sheets Gap junctions: channels through which ions, sugar, small molecules can pass

Plant Cells Cell wall: protect plant, maintain shape Composed of cellulose Plasmodesmata: channels between cells to allow passage of molecules

Plant Cells Only Animals Cells Only Central vacuoles Lysosomes Chloroplasts Centrioles Cell wall of cellulose Flagella, cilia Plasmodesmata Desmosomes, tight and gap junctions Extracellular matrix (ECM)

Harvard cell video http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/anim_innerlife .html