Viva Energy Australia Paul Smallacombe – Lubricants Technical Team Lead Nick Lubransky – Marketing Manager Transport

Who is Viva Energy? Viva Energy brings together the strength of two of the world’s foremost energy companies to create Australia’s newest but most experienced energy provider. Vitol is the world’s largest independent energy trading company and is the leading shareholder of Viva Energy Australia. Shell is one of the world’s most recognised and respected brands, with a reputation for quality and technological innovation that is reflected in products that combine performance, efficiency and reliability.

Shell invests $1.3 billion USD in R&D each year $1.3 billion, more than any other lubricants company

Basics of Lubrication Functions of a Lubricant Reduce Wear Reduce Friction Seal Cool Clean Prevent Corrosion

Recommending Lubricants Viscosity & Specifications Viscosity can be defined as a liquids resistance to flow. The thicker the oil, the higher the viscosity, and the thinner the oil, the lower the viscosity. The SAE viscosity grade is written as SAE XW-Y, where X is related to low-temperature viscosity and Y is related to high-temperature viscosity. Viscosity at low temperatures (W = winter) The low-temperature viscosity indicates how well the oil will flow to lubricate critical engine parts at low temperatures. The lower the number, the more easily the engine will start in cold weather. The high-temperature viscosity provides thickness for good lubrication at operating temperatures. The SAE viscosity classification says NOTHING about oil quality. All oils reduce in viscosity when heated, but multigrade oils thin less than monograde oils (also called single-grade or straight-grade oils). Less thinning provides a more consistent oil pressure. The viscosity index indicates how much the oil will thin when it is subjected to heat. The higher the index, the less an oil will thin when it is heated. Viscosity at high temperatures

Viscosity – Monograde vs. Multigrade An SAE 5W-30 multigrade oil behaves like an SAE 5W monograde oil when cold, but like an SAE 30 monograde oil when hot. Thick Optimal Viscosity Viscosity Thin Cold Temperature Hot SAE 30 – monograde SAE 5W-30 – multigrade SAE 5W – monograde

Industry Specifications API (American Petroleum Institute) ACEA (Association des Constructeurs Europeans d’Automobiles) ILSAC (US-Japanese sponsored OEM organisation) JASO (Japanese Automobile Standards Organisation) All specifications are International in as much that the OEM will demand performance to their own and to national standards, wherever in the world their engines are used

Market Trends What drives changes the Oil market? MARKET DRIVERS REDUCED EMISSIONS REDUCED FUEL CONSUMPTION INCREASED POWER OUTPUT EXTENDED EQUIPMENT LIFE EXTENDED SERVICE INTERVALS MARKET DRIVERS Market Influence: Technology Market Influence: Legislation

= On-Highway Evolution 1990s Today 1 60 HEAVY DUTY ENGINE TECHNOLOGY HAS BEEN DOMINATED BY INCREASING CONSTRAINTS ON THE EMISSIONS OF NOX AND PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)

Market Influence: Technology Increased energy efficiency and power output Improved fuel injection systems i.e. common rail Turbocharging, VGT After treatment Devices NOx control (EGR) Urea metering DPF soot regeneration Oil quality monitoring Hybridisation - e.g. Volvo, Daimler Integration of electric motors within driveline Factors affecting hardware Reduction in fuel Sulphur Clean fuels Renewable fuels

Why does emissions legislation matter to lubricant manufacturers? There is no legislation on engine oil performance Emissions legislation (and forthcoming FE legislation) drives fundamental change to engine design E.g. More or less Exhaust Gas Recirculation for NOx control Engine design affects lubrication demands More EGR makes soot handling more difficult OEM and therefore industry oil specs (eg. API/ACEA) move in parallel to emissions legislation Recent legislation has driven after treatment (DPF, SCR) which has driven low SAPS oils Why is emissions legislation not pushed faster, or more harmonsised? Low emissions require low sulphur fuel (Euro 4 -> 50ppm, Euro 5 ->10ppm). Huge investment needed. Low emissions engines are more expensive, and harder to maintain SCR needs UREA (AdBlue) infrastructure And so on ….

Heavy Duty Engine Lubrication Challenges Maintain Diesel Particulate Performance Lower oil ash levels = increased particulate trap service interval Extend Catalyst Efficiency Lifetime driving sulphur and phosphorus levels downwards Exhaust gas recirculation More phosphorus need in high wear environment Improved Soot Control improved dispersancy and higher quality base oils Extended Service Interval increased additive treat rates and higher quality base oils Chemical Limits low SAPS (Sulphated ash, Phosphorus, Sulphur) Fuel Economy lower viscosity grades – higher VI base stocks

New HDDEO Category PC-11 stands for Proposed Category 11. It is the parent project by the American Petroleum Institute (API). In December 2016, 2 new specifications of Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Oil came into effect, CK-4 and FA-4 CK-4 Over 10 years since the last specification, CJ-4 CI-4 was a big step change which has largely covered requirements in engines that have been produced until now. FA-4

Gas-To-Liquids (GTL) Base Oil Shell innovation in lubricants – first to market lubricants made from natural gas Shell GTL Base Oil Benefits of using lubricants with Shell GTL Base Oil Why gas? Produces a cleaner and purer form of base oil A high-quality base material used in Shell’s premium finished lubricants Marketed as Shell PurePlus Technology in consumer lubricants. Shell industrial lubricants are also GTL-enabled. Less equipment wear Higher viscosity index E F Reduced fuel consumption Lower volatility Better equipment cleanliness Low temperature property Changed some text at the top and bottom Longer lubricant life Better oxidation stability Compared to conventional Group II/III oils

Product Approvals How do I know if it is an OEM approved product? Technical Data Sheet (beware of “suitable for…” or “meets requirements of…”) Approval Letter from OEM OEM Approved Products List OEM Website listing – i.e. MAN or Mercedes

Technical Support Viva Energy’s Technical Helpdesk is here to support the technical requirements associated with the fuels and lubricants you use, and more importantly, the equipment you or your customer use. Our technical people are tribology experts, delivering technical advice such as: Product Recommendations Material Safety Data Sheets Technical Data Sheets Lubrication Alternatives Product Rationalisation Fuels & Lubricants Storage & Handling Advice Oil Analysis Results Contact with Shell Global technical Support Contact with Shell Product Application Specialists

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