SSUSH14: Explain America’s evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the 20th century.

a. Describe how the Spanish-American War, war in the Philippines, and territorial expansion led to the debate over American imperialism.

American Imperialism: By the late 1800s, American began to join the ranks of world powers & began to acquire influence & territory outside of the continental US borders Abandoned idea of isolationism Imperialism: when a strong country takes over a weaker country physically, economically, & militarily Many Americans believed that if the US remained isolated, European countries would take over the rest of the world & America would not survive

Spanish-American War (1898): Cuba had been controlled by Spain for many years; attempted to overthrow the Spanish many times In 1895, Cuba started another revolution against Spain. Spain responded by putting nearly 300,000 Cubans in concentration camps. U.S. helps Cuba (angry over treatment of Cubans) – Causes of War Yellow Journalism - exaggerating or stretching the truth DeLome Letter – Private letter from Spanish minister to the U.S. which insulted Pres. McKinley. Sinking of the USS Maine – U.S. battleship explodes while sitting in the harbor of Habana, Cuba. U.S. blames Spain. April 1898 U.S. declares war on Spain

Spanish-American War: Initial phase of the war began in the Pacific, not in Cuba Theodore Roosevelt (in charge of the US Navy) ordered navy ships near the Philippines Island & when war was declared, the US Navy surprised the anchored Spanish ships & destroyed them After the naval operation, the US moved quickly to fight a land war on the Philippines & in Cuba Roosevelt & his all-volunteer unit known as “The Rough Riders” & an all black regime helped force the Spanish to retreat into the waiting guns of the American navy stationed off the coast of Cuba

Spanish-American War: Treaty of Paris (1898) – Ended war with following terms: Cuba is independent U.S. gets Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines U.S. pays Spain $20 million (for Philippines) As a result of the war: U.S. now owns an empire Ends U.S. isolationism U.S. emerges as a world power

Philippine-American War Filipinos thought Americans were allies helping them gain independence However, when the Spanish-American War ended & the US gained control of the Philippines, a rebellion began, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, that started the Philippine-American War (1899) Filipinos used guerilla war tactics to fight the Americans War lasted 3 years; killed over 25,000 people Philippines gained partial home rule Gained full independence in 1946

Annexation of Hawaii: Congress had rejected the idea of annexation of Hawaii many times However, the US had been leasing the prize naval base at Pearl Harbor for decades & proved to be crucial to naval operations in the Spanish-American War Annexation of Hawaii was approved in 1898

Americans debate expansionism: Those in favor of expansion believed: *The US had no choice but to educate others & civilize them (Social Darwinism) *US had the responsibility to govern others *Controlling peoples in Latin America was a step in gaining trade in China *Other countries would try & take control of Latin America Those against expansion believed: * condemned imperialism as a crime *went against the US principles that made up our government

b. Examine US involvement in Latin America, as reflected by the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine & the creation of the Panama Canal

Panama Canal: Following the end of the Spanish-American War, the US was in a great position to take over markets throughout Latin America Panama Canal - A canal built by the U.S. cutting across Central America to reduce travel time and provide a short cut between the oceans for commercial and military ships. U.S. chose Panama for the canal, which belonged to Colombia. They refused our offer…wanted more $. US helps Panama rebel against Colombia Panama accepts our offer ($10m and $250,000 a year) Canal built between 1904-1914

Monroe Doctrine to Roosevelt Corollary: Monroe Doctrine: foreign policy that discouraged European intervention in the Western Hemisphere Roosevelt Corollary: an extension of the Monroe Doctrine that stated that the US would use force to remove European powers from the Western Hemisphere Created to protect the canal and other US regional interests Based on the African proverb: “speak softly and carry a big stick” Also known as “Big Stick Diplomacy” Created by Theodore Roosevelt; wanted the US to remain the strongest power in the Western Hemisphere