Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy Large, complex organization of appointed, not elected, officials. “bureau” – French for small desks, referring to the king’s traveling business men who set up small desks in town squares Bureaucracy = “government of small desks”

Max Weber Famous early 20th century economist, German Bureaucracy – well organized, complex machine that is a “rational” way for society to organize its business

Weber Characteristics Hierarchical authority structure – chain of command Task specialization – individuals have unique jobs, division of labor Extensive rules – clear policies for the organization to follow Clear goals – clearly defined mission

Weber Merit principle – hiring and promotion based on qualities, no jobs for favors Impersonality – performance judged on productivity

Weber Quotes “Precision, speed, unambiguity, knowledge of files, continuity, discretion, unity, strict subordination, reduction of friction and of material and personal costs - these are raised to the optimum point in the strictly bureaucratic administration.” – Max Weber “Only by strict specialization can the scientific worker become fully conscious, for once and perhaps never again in his lifetime, that he has achieved something that will endure. A really definitive and good accomplishment is today always a specialized act.” – Max Weber

Modern Bureaucracy 1932-1945 – New Deal, WWII, increase in programs and gov’t work 1950’s – 1970’s – 90% of all federal employees were chosen on merit Salaries also chosen on merit

Who are bureaucrats? Approximately 1 out of 100 Americans work for the federal government bureaucracy A few examples US Postal Service EPA IRS Amtrak Corporation for Public Broadcasting Interstate Commerce Commission Federal Trade Commission Securities and Exchange Commission National Aeronautics and Space Administration US Military

What do bureaucrats do? Discretionary action – have the power to execute laws and policies passed down by the president or congress – they make laws happen. Implementation – develop procedures and rules for reaching the goal of a new policy – they decide what or how the law will happen. Regulation – check or oversee private or corporate business activity Munn v. Illinois (1877) – SCOTUS upheld that government had the right to regulate business rates and services if it was for the “greater good” ADA compliancy – is your building handicapped accessible?

Accountability Bureaucracy is constrained and controlled by the US government numerous ways Congress appropriates money (approves it), authorizes the spending of money (spends it), oversees agency activity (investigates them and holds them accountable), advice and consent of presidential appointees (approves nominations) President Job appointments (WH staff– no senate approval; outside WH – senate approval), executive orders, budget control, reorganize agencies (Bush-Homeland Security)

Iron Triangles CONGRESS INTEREST GROUPS BUREAUCRACY Iron Triangle - three-way alliance among legislators, bureaucrats, and interest groups to make or preserve policies that benefit their respective interests

Iron Triangles

How it works? Everyone in the triangle has a similar interest Legislators get funding from interest groups and make laws reality with the help of the bureaucracy Interest groups provide valued information to bureaucrats and money to legislators Bureau chiefs implement legislative policy and interest group goals

Why are they “iron”? Strong – bond can’t be broken by President or Congress Referred to as “sub governments,” all the real decisions are made among these 3 groups Might maintain interests that might not be publicly popular… like what?

Example – Why is tobacco not illegal? House and Senate agricultural subcommittees Tobacco farmer interest groups (tobacco lobby) Department of Agriculture House and Senate representatives, sympathetic to tobacco, receive campaign funds and support from tobacco by interest groups, and the representatives make sure that tobacco farmers are defended through legislation. DOA agency executes the legislation while relying on the Congressional budget. The interest groups provide the DOA with valuable information to effectively execute laws. -COMMON INTEREST – Keep tobacco alive = keep their jobs alive

Other Iron Triangle Example

Issue Network More complicated connection exists Iron triangle too simple – there are IGs from opposite sides of an issue who compete Issue Network – complex group (includes media and university/research institutions) that debates an issue and slows policy-making Policy-making is not as smooth with competing demands from IG’s (EX: pro vs. anti tobacco) President can appoint an agency head who steers policy, but can never smoothly control policy – think Pluralist theory here

Controlling the Bureaucracy Patronage - Rewarding supporters with jobs “Spoils system” – created by Andrew Jackson, each President turned over the bureaucracy Pendleton Act (1883) - Created in response to criticism of patronage, more jobs will be selected based on merit (Garfield Assassination) Hatch Act (1939) – agency employees can’t participate in political activities (elections, campaigns, fund raisers, etc.) Softened in recent decades, 1st Amendment issues

Criticism of Bureaucracy “Red tape” – maze of gov. rules, regulations, and paperwork that makes gov. overwhelming to citizens Conflict – agencies that often work toward opposite goals (EPA vs. Department of Energy; FDA vs. Dept. of Ag./tobacco farmers) Duplication – multiple agencies appear to do the same thing (farm raised salmon vs. wild caught salmon) Unchecked growth – agencies expand unnecessarily at high costs Waste – spending more than necessary (lots of September end of fiscal year expenditures – use $ or lose it) Lack of accountability – difficult in firing an incompetent bureaucrat Contradictory hiring practices – Affirmative Action promotes the hiring and promotion of people based on race/gender AND talent. Civil service system is solely based on merit/talent.

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