5. GAIA: PARTIKULA BEREIZTEZINAK

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Presentation transcript:

5. GAIA: PARTIKULA BEREIZTEZINAK “Gizakiak behar dutena galdetzeko askeak, pentsatzen dutena esateko askeak, nahi dutena pentsatzeko askeak diren bitartean, askatasuna ez da galduko eta zientziak ez du atzera egingo”. J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967)

W. Pauli (1900-1958) E Fermi (1901-1954) S. Bose (1894-1974)

- -

D. Hartree (1897-1958)

V.A. Fock (1898-1974)

(sharp) (principal) (diffuse) (fundamental) (orden alfabetikoa…)

ATOMOEN KONFIGURAZIO ELEKTRONIKOA F. Hund (1896-1997) Aufbau-ren printzipioa (edo zerrotearen araua)

Geruza-ereduan egokituriko 1s (eV) 2s (eV) 3s 4s s(eV) Z1s Z2s Z3s Z4s He 2 24.58 1.34 Li 3 57.87 5.39 2.06 1.26 Al 13 1564 121.4 10.6 10.7 5.97 2.65 Ca 20 4041 441.1 46.5 6.11 17.2 11.4 5.54 2.68 Br 35 13478 1787. 261. 23.8 31.5 22.9 13.1 5.29 Datu experimentalak Geruza-ereduan egokituriko karga eraginkorra

H.N. Russell (1877-1957) A.F. Saunders (1875-1963)

Elektroi bereizgarriak (4p4d) direneko adibidea Z-rekiko mempekotasun txikia

NOTAZIO ESPEKTROSKOPIKOA H. Moseley (1887-1915) X IZPIEN IGORPENA NOTAZIO ESPEKTROSKOPIKOA (Siegbahn eta IUPAC)

MOSELEY-REN LEGEA

X-RAY & ABSORPTION EDGE ENERGIES (keV) Elemen Kabs Ka1 Kb1 L-IIIabs La1 Lb1 M-Vabs Ma1 Mb 9 F 0.687 0.677   11 Na 1.072 1.041 1.067 12 Mg 1.305 1.253 1.295 13 Al 1.559 1.486 1.553 14 Si 1.838 1.740 1.829 15 P 2.142 2.013 2.136 16 S 2.472 2.307 2.464 17 Cl 2.822 2.622 18 Ar 3.202 2.957 3.190 19 K 3.607 3.313 3.589 20 Ca 4.038 3.691 4.012 0.346 0.341 0.345 21 Sc 4.496 4.090 4.460 0.403 0.395 0.400 22 Ti 4.965 4.510 4.931 0.454 0.452 0.458 23 V 5.465 4.951 5.426 0.513 0.511 0.519 24 Cr 5.989 5.414 5.946 0.574 0.573 0.583 25 Mn 6.540 5.898 6.489 0.641 0.637 0.649 26 Fe 7.112 6.403 7.057 0.709 0.705 0.718 27 Co 7.709 6.929 7.648 0.779 0.776 0.791 28 Ni 8.333 7.477 8.263 0.855 0.851 0.869 29 Cu 8.979 8.046 8.904 0.932 0.930 0.950 30 Zn 9.659 8.637 9.570 1.021 1.012 1.034 38 Sr 16.105 14.163 15.833 1.940 1.806 1.871 40 Zr 17.998 15.772 17.665 2.223 2.042 2.124 56 Ba 37.441 32.188 36.372 5.247 4.465 4.827 57 La 38.925 33.436 37.795 5.483 4.650 5.041 0.854 58 Ce 40.449 34.714 39.251 5.724 4.839 5.261 0.902 60 Nd 43.571 37.355 42.264 6.208 5.229 5.721 0.996 72 Hf 65.351 55.781 63.222 9.561 7.898 9.021 1.697 82 Pb 88.006 74.965 84.922 13.035 10.550 12.612 2.484 2.345 2.442 90 Th 109.646 93.334 105.591 16.300 12.967 16.199 3.332 2.996 3.145 92 U 115.036 98.422 111.281 17.167 13.612 17.217 3.552 3.170 3.336