Science of Biology By: Parviz Heidari

elements of life

Organic Molecules Organic molecules are molecules composed of carbons and hydrogen, and often containing other elements such as phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen

Cellular Organization Prokaryotic cells don’t contain membrane-bound organelles Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles

Macromolecules

Carbohydrates There are two types: The simple sugars Glucose, sucrose, fructose, … The complex carbohydrates long chains of sugars (Starches, cellulose, glycogen)

The simple sugars All carbohydrates are made up of units of sugar (also called saccharide units). Carbohydrates that contain only one sugar unit are called monosaccharides.

The simple sugars

The complex carbohydrates

Proteins

20 types of Amino acids

Proteins

Proteins

Proteins structure

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

Bases

DNA forms

0.1 Nano = 1 Angstrom

Lipids Insoluble water Fats are a sub group of lipids Other lipids include waxes, and steroids, such as cholesterol

Fats

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid

Cell and cell structures

Cell Division Mitosis Meiosis

Mitosis

Meiosis

Crossing over

Cell organelle

Ribosome

Cell membrane

passive and active transport

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Apparatus Present in most eukaryotic cells One major function is to modify, sort, and package proteins to be secreted.

Mitochondria

Mitochondria Produce the energy Pyruvate and the citric acid cycle NADH and FADH2: the electron transport chain Heat production Storage of calcium ions

Plasts

Chloroplast

Chloroplast The main role of chloroplasts is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. Function Plant innate immunity Photosynthesis Energy carriers Amino acid synthesis Sugars and starches ….

Microbodies Microbodies contain enzymes that participate in the preparatory or intermediate stages of biochemical reactions within the cell. This facilitates the breakdown of fats, alcohols and amino acids. Generally microbodies are involved in detoxification of peroxides and in photo respiration in plants.

Different types of microbodies Peroxisomes break down large molecules and detoxify hazardous substances Glyoxysomes convert stored lipids into carbohydrates

Lysosomes Spherical vesicles which contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down virtually all kinds of biomolecules

Vacuole Containing waste products Containing water in plant cells Exporting unwanted substances from the cell Maintaining an acidic internal pH

The Cell Nucleus