Chapter 21 Section 3 Notes The Other Side of Civil Rights

Rioting Occurs in many major cities during the mid 1960s LA, Chicago, Atlanta Some A-A’s sick of waiting for equality Variety of causes Police mistreatment businesses not following laws Local govt. not enforcing laws Many arrests, even deaths A lot of property damage Leaders like MLK against all this

1967 Detroit Riots Starts when mostly white police arrest around 80 blacks at an “illegal bar” There had been many incidents of police discrimination and brutality before Many White Owned businesses in area also didn’t treat blacks well Many A-A’s in city sick of getting picked on and react Lasts 5 days U.S. National Guard called in 43 people killed 100s injured over 7,000 arrested 2,500 buildings burned or looted Around $60 million in damages 1 of the Largest riots in U.S. History

Different Styles of Leadership in the Movement

Malcolm X & The Nation Of Islam believed blacks were superior to whites and should separate from them Religion, Family & Education stressed Give up Vices (Drugs, Booze, Sex outside Marriage) called for armed self defense to get equality “Ballots or Bullets” this scared whites Malcolm split with the NOI in 1963 Killed by 3 members in 1965 Spoke out against NOI leader & beliefs These 2 only met 1 time… for about 2 minutes, while the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was being debated

Stokley Carmichael & SNCC Didn’t want any more white involvement with SNCC Fight back if provoked during demonstrations Developed the phrase “Black Power” Be proud of your culture The phrase scared whites

Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, & The Black Panthers Formed in 1966 in Oakland, CA Very politically active Spread throughout U.S. 10,000 members by 1969 Purpose Improve conditions in ghettos Protect ghettos from police brutality Poor Media Attention (viewed as thugs) Dressed and acted like their own military Had violent altercations with police Most members quit or in jail by 1980

Kerner Commission (Mar. 1968) LBJ orders U.S. Govt. to Investigate Cause of Urban Violence Findings = White Racism What to do? Improve Conditions in Ghettos Spend $$$ on Education Housing Job Training Drug Prevention Do govts. follow suggestions? For the most part… no White taxpayers don’t want $$$ going there

MLK Assassinated (April 1968) Occurs in Memphis, TN There to give a speech in support of striking sanitation workers Shot by James Earl Ray Found 2 months later in London Claims he didn’t do it Another Conspiracy? Sentenced to Life Dies in Prison Riots in over 100 cities when reported

MLK Memorial in Wash. DC. From the last speech MLK gave the night before his death

Civil Rights Act of 1968 Occurs a week after MLK’s death Ended legal discrimination in housing Increased punishments for violence or threats towards blacks and civil rights workers

Robert Kennedy Assassinated (June 1968) Brother of JFK major civil rights supporter was running for Pres More in chp. 22

Was the Civil Rights Movement Successful?

De Jure Segregation Definition = legally permitted segregation How to change it? = CHANGE THE LAWS This was accomplished (1950s – 1970s) Illegal now (can vote, go anywhere public equally)

De Facto Segregation Definition = separation that occurs “as a matter of fact” Examples include: housing and schooling patterns white business leaders hiring/promoting whites over blacks Sped up in the 1950s (upcoming slide) Still occurs Graph about Detroit’s Population Shifting

I couldn’t make this up if I tried…. 2 towns in Indiana right next to each other. Um… De Facto Segregation maybe? Chisholm was the 1st female A-A member of the U.S. House of Reps

White Flight (1950s – 1980s) Biggest contributor to De Facto Segregation Whites moving from cities into suburbs to self segregate They took their tax dollars with them Had better paying jobs/educations than blacks Businesses followed the $, moved out of cities City schools deteriorated Nice new schools built in suburbs. Still see the effects today

Affirmative Action Programs Created to encourage colleges and businesses to provide different guidelines for blacks because they had suffered discrimination and unequal opportunities in the past Encouraged by U.S. Govt. at times Some still in effect, some are not… Some whites claim reverse discrimination The Poster on the bottom left is against affirmative action while the cartoon on the bottom right is in favor of it. Do you understand why?

Whether People are for or against Affirmative Action depends on how the ? is asked and who is asked.

University Of Michigan – Affirmative Action Allowed race to be a factor for admissions to make up for injustices done to African – Americans Michigan voters changed the state Constitution in 2006 to stop this. Civil Rights leaders appealed Supreme Court ruled on 4/22/14 Affirmative Action can be banned by voters May Change a lot of things going forward Gay Marriage?