Ch 1: The Science of Biology bi·ol·o·gy (bī-ŏl'ə-jē)   n. The science of life and of living organisms. [Greek bio- , bio-  + Greek -logiā , -logy .]

1-1 What is SCIENCE? Is an ________________ Uses__________ to ________ events ________and organizes ___________ Deals only with ____________ Looks for ________ and ____________ Use explanations to make useful ____________ organized method evidence explain Collects information natural world patterns connections predictions H1N1 Virus

Thinking Like a Scientist Scientific thinking usually begins with _____________________. (involve our senses) The information gathered from observations is called ____________. observations data

Thinking Like a Scientist – cont. There are two main categories of data: ________________ data are expressed as numbers. [length of red oak leaf = 18.6 cm] ________________ data are descriptive and involve characteristics that cannot be counted. [red oaks leaves have pointed lobes] Quantitative Qualitative

Thinking Like a Scientist – cont. Inference An ____________________ is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience. Fossil Butte, Wyoming

Explaining and Interpreting Evidence Hypothesis A ____________________ is a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations. Often in the form of an ______.....______...... statement How? Prior knowledge Logical inference Informed creativity If then Example: If skin cancer is related to ultraviolet light , then people with a high exposure to uv light will have a higher frequency of skin cancer.

Explaining and Interpreting Evidence – cont. Scientific hypotheses must be proposed in a way that enables them to be ___________________. TESTED! Louis Pasteur

Science as a Way of Knowing Process Science is an ongoing _____________________, therefore, scientific understanding is always ___________. changing

Why do I need to understand science? In our democratic society scientists alone do NOT make final decisions…They make ______________________. Final decisions are made by the citizens of our democracy that vote to express their opinions to elected officials. recommendations

Our understanding of science is ___________ in ___________ intelligent AIDS Renewable fuels Global warming Stem Cell Research Alternative energy Endangered species Bird flu Cancer Pollution Cloning Nuclear power Our understanding of science is ___________ in ___________ intelligent ___________ about a wide variety of ________ that affect our lives. essential making decisions issues

Science is ______________but a ___________________ Because of new tools, techniques, & discoveries, our understanding of science is _____________________. not “just facts” “WAY OF KNOWING” ALWAYS CHANGING

Spontaneous Generation vs. Biogenesis 1-2 How Scientists Work Spontaneous Generation vs. Biogenesis

The Scientific Method

Controlled Experiments Variables ___________ are factors in an experiment that can change. The _____________________________variable is the variable that is deliberately changed. The ___________________________ variable is the variable that is observed and that changes in response to the manipulated variable. manipulated (Independent) responding (Dependent)

Controlled Experiments – cont. Controlled experiments involve two groups: _________________ (experiences the independent variable) and a ______________ (does NOT experience the independent variable) Control group serves as a standard of comparison A control is needed to ________________ alternate explanations of experimental results. Treatment Group Control Group eliminate

Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation Section 1-2 OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat. HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots. PROCEDURE Uncovered jars Covered jars Controlled Variables: jars, type of meat, location, temperature, time Several days pass Manipulated Variable: gauze covering that keeps flies away from meat Responding Variable: whether maggots appear Maggots appear No maggots appear CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.

Figure 1-10 Spallanzani’s Experiment Section 1-2 Gravy is teeming with microorganisms. Flask is open. Gravy is boiled. Gravy is free of microorganisms. Flask is sealed. Gravy is boiled.

Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment Broth is teeming with microorganisms. Section 1-2 Broth is boiled. Broth is free of microorganisms for a year. Curved neck is removed. Broth is teeming with microorganisms. Supported! Reject!

How a Theory Develops theory In science, the word ____________ applies to a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations. Enable scientists to make accurate ___________. Examples: The Cell Theory The Theory of Evolution predictions

1-3 BIOLOGY =__________________ = ________________ The science of “LIFE” Study of living things

It’s Alive! Part 1 Part 2

Characteristics of ALL LIVING THINGS Made of _________ _____________ Based on a _____________________ _______ and ____________ ______ & ___ ________ & _______ ________ to their ____________ ______________________________ As a group, __________________ cells Reproduce universal genetic code Grow develop Obtain use materials energy Respond environment Maintain a stable internal environment change over time

ALL LIVING THINGS ARE: Made of cells basic unit of life The _____ is the ____________.

ALL LIVING THINGS ARE: Made of cells UNICELLULAR ____________ organisms are _____________ made of only 1 cell bacteria (Ex: _________) E. coli 0157H7

ALL LIVING THINGS ARE: Made of cells MULTICELLULAR _________________ organisms _______ as _________ but as adults are _________________________ Ex: (___________) BEGIN ONE CELL MADE OF MANY CELLS Humans, Trees

ALL LIVING THINGS Reproduce SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ________________________ _____________the _______________ from ____________ ________________ Seen in animals and plants combines genetic material 2 parents sperm + egg = baby

ALL LIVING THINGS Reproduce ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION _________________________ makes a new organism using the ________________ from _________________ Seen in bacteria, plants, and some animals genetic material ONLY 1 PARENT

All living things share a universal genetic code Hereditary material = DNA ______________________ DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID Segment of DNA ________________ with instructions for one _________ is called a ________. PROTEIN GENE

ALL LIVING THINGS Grow & develop SINGLE CELLED INCREASING in SIZE _____________ organisms, like a bacterium, grow by ________________. INCREASING in SIZE

ALL LIVING THINGS Grow & develop Multicellular organisms grow bigger by __________________ AND _____________________. increasing cell size increasing cell number

MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM don’t just contain MANY CELLS… but many _______________ of cells with _____________________ DIFFERENT KINDS DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS

PROCESS OF CHANGING The ________________ EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS into different looking ADULT cells doing different jobs = ______________________________ DIFFERENTIATION

All cells have the SAME DNA... _________________________ what makes them ___________ is _______________ are _______________________ different WHICH GENES TURNED ON or OFF

It’s like having a whole library full of books, but reading only the books that are important to you.

ALL LIVING THINGS Take in Materials & Use Energy grow and develop To________________,organisms _______ a constant supply of ____________________ & ____________ need BUILDING MATERIALS ENERGY! This sheep uses the MOLECULES and ENERGY in the food it eats to make “more sheep”

ALL LIVING THINGS Take in Materials & Use Energy AUTOTROPHS ________________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to ____________________ make their own food GREEN PLANTS Ex: _______________ use _______________to turn _________ into _________ photosynthesis glucose sunlight

ALL LIVING THINGS Take in Materials & Use Energy HETEROTROPHS _________________ get their energy by ___________________ consuming other organisms Animals Ex: ________ (including you) and _________________ most bacteria

Vocab word chemical reactions METBOLISM the combination of all the _________________ through which an organism ________ or ___________ materials as it carries out its life processes = ___________________ chemical reactions builds up breaks down METBOLISM

ALL LIVING THINGS Respond to their environment A signal to which an organism responds = ___________________ STIMULUS

ALL LIVING THINGS Respond to their environment A stimulus can be _________________ EXTERNAL Ex: When there is enough water and ground is warm enough, seed germinates. Roots respond to gravity & grow downward. Leaves respond to sunlight & grow up.

ALL LIVING THINGS Respond to their environment   A stimulus can be ____________ INTERNAL Ex: When the glucose level in your bloodstream becomes low, your body responds by making you feel hungry.

VOCAB WORD A cell works to keep conditions inside the cell constant = ______________________ IF temperature, water content, nutrients, acidity change too much . . . the cell will die. HOMEOSTASIS

HOMEOSTASIS involves internal __________ mechanisms FEEDBACK If body temp drops too low, “shivering” produces heat to warm you up. If temp is too hot, “sweating” cools you down.

HOMEOSTASIS Drinking a BIG GULP increases the amount of water in your body Your next stop gets rid of the excess water. (OSMOREGULATION)

ALL LIVING THINGS as a group, change over time EVOLUTION = ______________ Allows _______ of ________ in a ___________ survival species changing world

EVOLUTION = Change over time

Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization Section 1-3 Biosphere The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems Biosphere Ecosystem Community and its nonliving surroundings Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air Community Populations that live together in a defined area Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass Population Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area Bison herd

Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization – cont. Section 1-3 Organism Individual living thing Bison Tissues, organs, and organ systems Groups of Cells Nervous tissue Brain Nervous system Smallest functional unit of life Cells Nerve cell Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds Molecules Water DNA

1-4 Tools and Procedures metric system Scientists use the ____________________. I M P O R T A N

Microscopes compound light microscope A ____________________________ allows light to pass through the specimen and use two lenses to form an image

Microscopes – cont. Electron microscopes Scanning Transmission _____________________________ use beams of electrons, rather than light, to produce images. Two types: _____________ (SEM) _______________ (TEM) Scanning Transmission

Laboratory Techniques Cell culture ________________ = a group of cells is grown in a nutrient solution from a single original cell. cancer cell culture

Laboratory Techniques – cont. Cell fractionation ____________________= technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated.