Aid Project Evaluation: Water Supply Case International Development Cooperation: Theory & Practice SNU GSIS Aid Project Evaluation: Water Supply Case

MDG and Water Supply Access to safe drinking-water MDG 7 Target 3: "Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation“ Definition of ‘improved’ source of drinking-water Drinking-water source categories "Improved" sources of drinking-water: - Piped water into dwelling, also called a household connection : a water service pipe connected with in-house plumbing to one or more taps (e.g. in the kitchen and bathroom). - Piped water to yard/plot, also called a yard connection : a piped water connection to a tap placed in the yard or plot outside the house. - Public tap or standpipe : a public water point from which people can collect water. A standpipe is also known as a public fountain or public tap. Public standpipes can have one or more taps and are typically made of brickwork, masonry or concrete. - Tubewell or borehole : a deep hole that has been driven, bored or drilled, with the purpose of reaching groundwater supplies. Boreholes/tubewells are constructed with casing, or pipes, which prevent the small diameter hole from caving in and protects the water source from infiltration by run-off water. Water is delivered from a tubewell or borehole through a pump, which may be powered by human, animal, wind, electric, diesel or solar means. Boreholes/tubewells are usually protected by a platform around the well, which leads spilled water away from the borehole and prevents infiltration of run-off water at the well head. Protected dug well is a dug well that is protected from runoff water by a well lining or casing that is raised above ground level and a platform that diverts spilled water away from the well. A protected dug well is also covered, so that bird droppings and animals cannot fall into the well. [ v ] Protected spring : The spring is typically protected from runoff, bird droppings and animals by a "spring box", which is constructed of brick, masonry, or concrete and is built around the spring so that water fl ows directly out of the box into a pipe or cistern, without being exposed to outside pollution. Rainwater : rain that is collected or harvested from surfaces (by roof or ground catchment) and stored in a container, tank or cistern until used. "Unimproved" sources of drinking-water: Cart with small tank/drum : water sold by a provider who transports water into a community. The types of transportation used include donkey carts, motorized vehicles and other means. - Tanker-truck : The water is trucked into a community and sold from the water truck. Surface water : water located above ground and includes rivers, dams, lakes, ponds, streams, canals, and irrigation channels. - Bottled water is considered to be improved only when the household uses drinking-water from an improved source for cooking and personal hygiene; where this information is not available, bottled water is classified on a case-by-case basis.

Safe drinking-water intervention Before <Ruhiira, Uganda> After

Problems of unsafe water Population with access to safe water (2001) 4% of disease and 1.6 million deaths per year were attributable to unsafe water supply and sanitation. What are the problems and why?

Problem analysis Causes and Effects of Water Shortage

What to improve? Identifying objectives most likely to bring about the most positive change Issues to consider Costs Benefits to primary stakeholders Risks Sustainability Environmental impact

Costs and Benefits of Water Project 1. Investment costs Planning, construction, etc. 2. Recurrent costs Maintenance, replacement, operation, etc. 3. External costs Social and environmental costs Benefits 1. Provider Reduction in operating costs 2. Consumer Time savings related to water collection Cheaper water Improved water quality and convenience 3. Agricultural/ industrial sector Improved productivity 4. Health sector　 Less public expenditure on treatment Less private expenditure on treatment Value of loss of death avoided Value of avoided absence at work or school Value of avoided time lost for caring

The Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) “fish” diagram

Cost Measurement Investment costs Recurrent costs : planning and supervision, hardware, construction and house alteration, protection of water sources, education accompanying an investment in hardware Recurrent costs : operating materials to provide a service, maintenance of hardware and replacement of parts, regulation and control of water supply, ongoing protection and monitoring of water sources, water treatment and distribution, continuous education activities

Benefit Measurement (1) Health benefits Reduction in incidence rates (number of cases reduced per year) Reduction in mortality rates (number of deaths avoided per year) Infectious diarrhoea, including cholera, salmonellosis, etc. Economic benefits Direct economic benefits of avoiding diarrhoeal disease Indirect economic benefits related to health improvement Non-health benefits related to water and sanitation improvement

Benefit Measurement (2) Economic benefits Direct economic benefits of avoiding diarrhoeal disease Mean health care cost per treated: US$10 to US$23 Indirect economic benefits related to health improvement Non-health benefits related to water and sanitation improvement

Benefit Measurement (3) Economic benefits Direct economic benefits of avoiding diarrhoeal disease Indirect economic benefits related to health improvement Non-health benefits related to water and sanitation improvement

Benefit Measurement (4) Economic benefits Direct economic benefits of avoiding diarrhoeal disease Indirect economic benefits related to health improvement Non-health benefits related to water and sanitation improvement Time saving associated with more convenient access to water supply and sanitation => Increased production, improved education levels or more leisure time Main contributor to the overall economic benefits

Discussion Costs are tangible, while benefits are not. Real economic benefits to the population may not be financial in nature, nor will they be immediate. Assumptions about the value of time may overestimate the actual economic value due to the presence of unemployment, underemployment or seasonal labor. Omission of variables Health impact other than diarrhoeal disease Potential economic and non-economic benefits Potential negative impacts of changes to water and sanitation technologies

Water Use and Costs in Juigalpa, Nicaragua Classification Fringe Area Residential Area Central Area Region without water connection (low income) Water connected residential area (medium income) Commercial Area Population household:2000 population: 12,000 household: 6,000 population: 36,000 household: 3,000 population: 18,000 Income (per month) $100-150 $150-300 over $300 Major source of income house keeper ($100/month) civil servant, teacher, self employed store, restaurant, self employed Use of water Raining Season Dry Season Raining Season Dry Amount of use (m3/month) 3~4 20 10~15 40 15~30 Major source of water well water truck tap water or well tap water or tap water delivery (in person) Cost generated from lack of water supply time spent for fetching water water price (from water truck) inconvenience and time spent for purchasing water from water truck - water price (from water truck) - inconvenience and uncertainty when using tap water - cost for delivering water by vehicle

Q & A