Chapter 4 Human Learning

Q: Explain language learning in Behavioral perspectives

Q: Explain language learning in Cognitive perspectives

Q: Explain language learning in Socio-Constructivist perspectives

Q: Discuss types of learning (p.93)

Q: Explain transfer and interference

Q: Explain overgeneralization

Q: Explain inductive and deductive reasoning

Multiple intelligences Language is not limited to a linguistics perspectives but encompasses all aspects of communication. Language is integrated with music, bodily activity, interpersonal relationships, and so on.

Musical Intelligence: sensitive to rhythm, pitch or melody. Verbal/Linguistic Intelligence:      effective in using language in a variety of ways--to convince others to do something, to remember information, and to talk about language itself. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence:       good at categorizing, classifying, inferencing, generalizing, calculating, and hypothesis testing. Visual/Spatial Intelligence:      sensitive to form, space, color, line, and shape. Good at graphically representing visual or spatial ideas. Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence:       express ideas and feelings with the entire body. Musical Intelligence:       sensitive to rhythm, pitch or melody. Interpersonal Intelligence:      sense another person's moods, feelings, motivations, and intentions respond effectively to other people in some pragmatic way Intrapersonal Intelligence:       Having an accurate picture of yourself and being aware of your inner moods and intentions

Audiolingual Method Structural linguistic theory Contrastive analysis Aural-oral procedures Behaviorist psychology

Use of L1 is highly discouraged in the classroom. The development of language skills is a matter of habit formulation. Students practice particular patterns of language through structured dialogue and drill until response is automatic. Structured patterns in language are taught using repetitive drills. The emphasis is on having students produce error free utterances. This method of language learning supports kinesthetic learning styles. Only everyday vocabulary and sentences are taught.

Backward build up drill (expansion drill) Repetition drill Chain drill Single-slot substitution drill Multiple-slot substitution drill Transformation drill Question-and-answer drill Use of minimal pairs Complete the dialogue Grammar game

Disadvantages Human language use is not imitated behavior but is created anew from underlying knowledge of abstract rules (Chomsky, 1966) Basic method of teaching is repetition, speech is standardized and pupils turn into parrots who can reproduce many things but never create anything new or spontaneous. Ss are unable to transfer knowledge to real communication outside the classroom

Community language learning http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TebzFxkXRPE&feature=related

The techniques of Community Language Learning Tape recording student conversation Transcription Reflection on experience Reflective listening Human computer Small group tasks

Cooperation, not competition Students feel in control, not the teacher ‘counseling’, rather than teaching Ss’ native language builds a bridge from the known to the unknown The syllabus is generated primarily by the students Teacher-student-centered