Ways of the World: A Brief Global History First Edition Robert W. Strayer Ways of the World: A Brief Global History First Edition CHAPTER XVIII Revolutions of Industrialization 1750–1914 What part of the Industrial Revolution are we in? Beginning Middle or end? Most misrepresented topic in economic history Capitalism vs Socialism Rewriting history to show Capitalism began on the backs of the poor. What indicators show prosperity in a country: Population growth Economic downturn or recession population decline. Myths The most important www.glscott.org

A. Mahatma Gandhi criticized industrialization as _________ __________.    1. Few people have agreed with him 2. Every kind of society has embraced at least the idea of industrialization since it started in Great Britain in the late eighteenth century economic exploitation Despite his politics what type of system do you think he advocates? Who were those who criticized the Industrial Revolution at the time? Who are those who criticize the Industrial Revolution in todays environment? People are ready to believe what they already think to be the truth! www.glscott.org

B. The Industrial Revolution was one of the most significant elements of Europe’s ______ ___________ modern transformation The Industrial Revolution was one of the most significant elements of Europe’s modern transformation. Segmented sleep, also known as divided sleep, bimodal sleep pattern, bifurcated sleep, or interrupted sleep, is a primarily biphasic sleep pattern where two periods of nighttime sleep are punctuated by a period of wakefulness. Along with a nap (siesta) in the day, it has been argued that this is the natural pattern of human sleep. A case has been made that maintaining such a sleep pattern may be important in regulating stress. Historian A. Roger Ekirch has argued that before the Industrial Revolution, segmented sleep was dominant in Western civilization. He draws evidence from documents from the ancient, medieval, and modern world. Other historians, such as Craig Koslofsky, have endorsed Ekirch's analysis. As a historical norm According to Ekirch's argument, adults typically slept in two distinct phases, bridged by an intervening period of wakefulness of approximately one hour. This time was used to pray and reflect, and to interpret dreams, which were more vivid at that hour than upon waking in the morning. This was also a favorite time for scholars and poets to write uninterrupted, whereas still others visited neighbors, engaged in sex, or committed petty crime.[ www.glscott.org

1. Initial industrialization period was 1750–1900 2. Drew on the Scientific Revolution   3. ___________ European society 4. Pushed Europe into a position of global dominance 5. Was more fundamental than any breakthrough since the ___________ _________ Transformed 1. Initial industrialization period was 1750–1900 2. Drew on the Scientific Revolution 3. Transformed European society 4. Pushed Europe into a position of global dominance 5. Was more fundamental than any breakthrough since the Agricultural Revolution Agricultural Revolution www.glscott.org

Explaining the Industrial Revolution The global context for the Industrial Revolution lies in a very _________ ________in human numbers from about 375 million people in 1400 to about 1 billion in the early nineteenth century. Accompanying this growth was the utilization of _____ ____, which made unprecedented proportions of energy available for human use. Access to this new energy gave rise to an enormously increased output of goods and services.     substantial increase fossil fuels The global context for the Industrial Revolution lies in a very substantial increase in human numbers from about 375 million people in 1400 to about 1 billion in the early nineteenth century. Accompanying this growth was the utilization of fossil fuels, which made unprecedented proportions of energy available for human use. Access to this new energy gave rise to an enormously increased output of goods and services.     www.glscott.org

Explaining the Industrial Revolution 1. Use of new energy sources (steam engines, petroleum engines) 2. In Britain, output increased fiftyfold in the period 1750–1900 3. Based on a “culture of innovation” 4. Before 1750/1800, the major Eurasian civilizations were _____ _____ _____________ 1. use of new energy sources (steam engines, petroleum engines) 2. in Britain, output increased some fiftyfold in the period 1750–1900 3. based on a “culture of innovation” 4. before 1750/1800, the major Eurasian civilizations were about equal technologically about equal technologically www.glscott.org

Explaining the Industrial Revolution 5. Greatest breakthrough was the steam engine     a. Soon spread from the textile industry to many other types of production     b. Agriculture was transformed 6. Spread from Britain to Western Europe, then to the ___________, ______, and _____ 5. Greatest breakthrough was the steam engine     a. soon spread from the textile industry to many other types of production     b. agriculture was transformed 6. Spread from Britain to Western Europe, then to the United States, Russia, and Japan United States Russia Japan www.glscott.org

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Why Europe? Many scholars have debated why industrialization appeared first in Great Britain, and why it started in the late nineteenth century    Many scholars have debated why industrialization appeared first in Great Britain, and why it started in the late nineteenth century    www.glscott.org

Why Europe? did not enjoy any overall economic advantage  2.  Earlier views attributing it to something unique in European society or culture have been challenged by:     a. The fact that other parts of the world (e.g., China, the Islamic world) have had times of great technological and scientific flourishing     b. The fact that Europe ___ ___ _____ ___ ______ ________ _________ as late as 1750     c. The rapid spread of industrial techniques to much of the world in the past 250 years    did not enjoy any overall   2. earlier views attributing it to something unique in European society or culture have been challenged by:     a. the fact that other parts of the world (e.g., China, the Islamic world) have had times of great technological and scientific flourishing     b. the fact that Europe did not enjoy any overall economic advantage as late as 1750     c. the rapid spread of industrial techniques to much of the world in the past 250 years    economic advantage www.glscott.org

Why Europe? Internal development favored innovation   3. Contemporary historians tend to see the Industrial Revolution as a rather quick and unexpected eruption in the period 1750–1850   4. Why it might have occurred in Europe      a. Some patterns of European _______ ___________ _______ ___________ b. European rulers had an unusual alliance with merchant classes    Internal development favored innovation 3. contemporary historians tend to see the Industrial Revolution as a rather quick and unexpected eruption in the period 1750–1850 4. why it might have occurred in Europe     a. some patterns of European internal development favored innovation     b. European rulers had an unusual alliance with merchant classes      www.glscott.org

Why Europe? 5. Other societies developed market-based economies by the eighteenth century (e.g., Japan, India, and China)     a. But Europe was at the center of the most varied exchange network      b. Contact with culturally different peoples __________ ______ ___ _________      c. The Americas provided silver, raw materials, and foods Encouraged change and innovation 5. Other societies developed market-based economies by the eighteenth century (e.g., Japan, India, and China)     a. But Europe was at the center of the most varied exchange network     b. Contact with culturally different peoples encouraged change and innovation     c. The Americas provided silver, raw materials, and foods www.glscott.org

Why Britain? 1. Britain was the most _____________of Europe’s larger countries     a. Small farmers had been pushed out (enclosure movement)     b. Market production fueled by a number of agricultural innovations     c. Guilds had largely disappeared    commercialized 1. Britain was the most commercialized of Europe’s larger countries Guilds were and are associations of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town. Enclosure (sometimes inclosure) was the legal process in England during the 18th century of enclosing a number of small landholdings to create one larger farm.[1] Once enclosed, use of the land become restricted to the owner, and it ceased to be common land for communal use. In England and Wales the term is also used for the process that ended the ancient system of arable farming in open fields. Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. www.glscott.org

Why Britain? 2. Ready supply of industrial workers with few options 3. British _________ were interested in commerce 4. British commerce was _________      aristocrats worldwide 2. ready supply of industrial workers with few options 3. British aristocrats were interested in commerce 4. British commerce was worldwide www.glscott.org

Why Britain?   5. British political life encouraged commercialization and economic innovation      a. Policy of ________ _______ (established 1688) welcomed people with technical skills regardless of faith b. British government imposed tariffs to _______ its businessmen c. It was easy to form companies and forbid workers’ unions        religious toleration protect a. Policy of religious toleration (established 1688) welcomed people with technical skills regardless of faith b. British government imposed tariffs to protect its businessmen c. It was easy to form companies and forbid workers’ unions        www.glscott.org

Why Britain? d. Unified internal market, thanks to road and canal system   e. _____ ____ protected inventors’ interests      f. Checks on royal authority gave more room for private enterprise    Patent laws Checks on Royal authority? What are they talking about? www.glscott.org

Why Britain? 6. Emphasis of the Scientific Revolution was different in Great Britain      a. On the continent: logic, deduction, mathematical reasoning     b. In Britain: ___________ and __________ measurement, mechanical     c. In Britain, artisan/craftsman inventors were in close contact with ________ and ____________ d. The British Royal Society (founded 1660) took the role of promoting “________ __________”    observation experiment scientists ***All sentences first*** 6. emphasis of the Scientific Revolution was different in Great Britain a. on the continent: logic, deduction, mathematical reasoning   b. in Britain: observation and experiment, measurement, mechanical     c. in Britain, artisan/craftsman inventors were in close contact with scientists and entrepreneurs d. the British Royal Society (founded 1660) took the role of promoting “useful knowledge”    entrepreneurs useful knowledge www.glscott.org

Why Britain? 7. Britain had plenty of _____and ____ ____, often coal iron ore   7. Britain had plenty of _____and ____ ____, often conveniently located    8. Britain was not devastated by the Napoleonic wars 9. Social change was possible without _________ 7. Britain had plenty of coal and iron ore, often conveniently located 8. Britain was not devastated by the Napoleonic wars 9. Social change was possible without revolution revolution www.glscott.org

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Change Which of the following was NOT a long-term outcome of the Industrial Revolution? a. Creation of a culture of innovation b. Significant changes to people’s working patterns c. Enormous increase in the output of goods d. Efforts by governments, especially in Europe, to slow or stop industrialization D www.glscott.org

What was the impact of the export boom on the various social segments of Latin American society? Positive Effects Negative Effects Upper Class Middle Class Lower Class www.glscott.org

What was the impact of the export boom on the various social segments of Latin American society? Positive Effects Negative Effects Upper Class Land-owning upper class was 1% of the population They saw their property values increase. They benefited the most. Middle Class Middle class was 8% of the population Skills proved valuable and prosperity grew Lower Class Urban workers who labored in the mines, ports, in the railroads, and a few factories organized themselves and created unions and engaged in strikes. Suffered the most and benefited the least from the export boom Many farmers lost land from the government attacks on communal landholdings and peasant indebtedness to wealthy landowners. Women and children now were required to work as field laborers. Handout KEY www.glscott.org

What were the differences between industrialization in the U. S What were the differences between industrialization in the U.S. and that in Russia? United States Russia U.S. was the Western world’s most exuberant democracy in the 19th C. Change bubbled up from society as free farmers, workers, and businessmen sought new opportunities and operated in a political system that gave them varying degrees of expression. Workers in the U.S. were treated better and had more outlets for grievances because of trade unions. U.S. industrialization was associated with capitalism and competition. Russia remained an outpost of absolute monarchy. Change was far more initiated by the state itself in its efforts to catch up with the more powerful innovated states of Europe. Russia developed an unusually radical class consciousness, based on harsh conditions and the absence of any legal outlet for the grievances. Industrialization in Russia was associated with violent social revolutions through a socialist political party inspired by the teachings of Karl Marx. Handout KEY www.glscott.org