Figure 2 Pathological features of opportunistic infections of the CNS

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Figure 2 Pathological features of opportunistic infections of the CNS Figure 2 | Pathological features of opportunistic infections of the CNS. For each slide set, the left panel shows haematoxylin and eosin (H+E) staining, and the right panel shows immunohistochemistry. a | Toxoplasma encephalitis. H+E shows an infected cell with abundant bradyzoites (arrow) and extracellular tachyzoites (star) in neuropil, and abnormal microglial morphology indicating microglial activation. Antibody staining for Toxoplasma gondii is positive, as indicated by brown chromogen (arrow). b | Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. H+E staining shows infected oligodendrocytes with enlarged nuclei and bizarre astrocytes (arrow) in a background of 'foamy' histiocytes (a marker of inflammation-associated intracellular lipid accumulation). Immunostaining was carried out with an antibody to Simian vacuolating virus 40 that cross-reacts with JC virus (brown). Infected oligodendrocyte (upper arrow) and an abnormal astrocyte (lower arrow) are seen. c | Cytomegalovirus encephalitis. H+E staining shows cells in the leptomeningeal spaces with cytomegalovirus inclusions (arrow). Immunostaining detects the cells with cytomegalovirus inclusions (arrows). d | Cryptococcal meningitis. H+E staining shows collections of fungal organisms in the meningeal spaces (arrows), as highlighted by the Grocott-Gomori methenamine silver stain (arrow). Bowen, L. N. et al. (2016) HIV-associated opportunistic CNS infections: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.149