Incorporating Sources: Quoting, Paraphrasing, Summarizing, Citing Writing Across the Curriculum Workshop

Incorporating Sources Quoting Paraphrasing Summarizing

Quoting Repeating EXACTLY what another author or speaker wrote or said While quoting, you need to use reporting verbs to integrate these ideas into your own paper Choosing the right reporting verb to give your intended meaning

Quoting Neutral reporting verbs Tentative reporting verbs Reporting verbs to give your intended meaning Strong reporting verbs Tentative reporting verbs Neutral reporting verbs

Quoting Categorizing into S, T, N deny state insist suggest highlight argue compare believe show support criticize imply explain illustrate report assert refute claim

Paraphrasing Writing a short passage from another author or speaker in your own words Paraphrasing should not alter the ideas of the original author or speaker Paraphrasing can be shorter or longer than the original passage

Summarizing Takes a long passage written by someone else and reduces it to main points in your own style Shorter than the original Should not alter the ideas of the original

When Should You Quote? The style of the original is impressive You are going to analyze the wording of the original to make one of your points

Signal Phrases or Author Tags A signal phrase lets your reader know when you are about to use someone else’s ideas Sample signal phrases: According to Author Name,… As Author Name argues,… Reminder – In-text citation: Autor-date style  (Brown, 2010)

APA Block Quotation 40 words or more Indent 1 tab Do not use punctuation to lead in No quotation marks Parenthetical citation for author name, date goes after signal phrase is present OR at the end of the sentence if no signal phrase.

Citing in APA If you use a signal phrase, put the citation immediately after the signal phrase in parenthesis. Sugarberry (2004) indicates that “Gallica roses do not fare well in the hot, humid southeast ” (p.25). If you do NOT use a signal phrase, put the citation at the end of the sentence. “The employment profiles for this time period substantiated this trend” (Burns, 2001, p.86).

Punctuating Quotations If the quotation is a sentence by itself, separate it with punctuation from the rest of your writing: Example 1: According to Renfield (2002), head of the observational astronomy team at NBU, “The glories of the universe are not readily apparent to the naked eye” (p.23). Example 2: Marcus Renfield (2002) of NBU writes: “The glories of the universe are not apparent to the naked eye” (p.23).

Punctuating Quotations—Either Style If the quotation becomes a part of your sentence grammatically, put quotation marks around the words you take from the original and punctuate the sentence as normal. Any letters or words changed to make the sentence fit your grammar should be put in brackets [ ]: Example: Marcus Renfield (2002) encourages us to see that “[t]he glories of the universe are not apparent to the naked eye” (p.23).

Quotes Within Quotes If the source you are using quotes someone else, and you want to quote that someone else, too: Attribute the quote to the person who really wrote it. Change your citation to show both the person you quoted and the author of your source. Example: Sidney Eddison says that to bloom in blue shades, “Hydrangeas require partial shade and an adequate soil Ph” (as cited in Prosper, 2005, p.191).

Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is translating a passage into a new style. All evidence of the original style (sentence structure and word choices) that reveal the original author’s personal style should be changed.

Paraphrasing Original: “Teenagers are hurt by raising the minimum wage in two ways.” Bad paraphrase: “Teens are wounded by increasing the minimum wage in two fashions.” Why doesn’t it work? Only a few words were changed. The original sentence structure is still visible.

Paraphrasing Cont. Original: “Teenagers are hurt by raising the minimum wage in two ways.” Paraphrase: “For two reasons, increasing the minimum wage negatively affects workers age 16-19.” Hurray!!! The sentence is different, and only the phrase minimum wage remains the same.

Paraphrasing Cont. Q: Why is it okay to repeat the phrase “minimum wage”? A: No one researching or writing about the issue can avoid using “minimum wage,” so its use is not “stealing” someone’s style.

Paraphrasing Step By Step Select a passage to paraphrase. Read the passage until you feel like you understand it completely. Set aside the book, try to put the passage into your own organization and words. You may include words for which there is no good synonym. Check your paraphrase against the original; it should be ACCURATE and IN YOUR OWN WORDS.

Poor Paraphrase Original: The worry on Wall Street is that the housing market is getting so weak it will crimp consumer spending, which until now has helped keep the economy afloat. Paraphrase: The concern on Wall Street is that the housing market is getting so pathetic that it will reduce consumer spending, which up until now has kept the economy from failing (Dixon, 2003).

Good Paraphrase Original: The worry on Wall Street is that the housing market is getting so weak it will crimp consumer spending, which until now has helped keep the economy afloat. Paraphrase: Economists are concerned that consumer spending that is now keeping our national economy alive will soon be affected by the troubles in the housing market (Dixon, 2003).

Summary Unlike paraphrase, summary does not go line-by-line to report on all the ideas from an original. Summary is a boiling down. Summary still requires citation.

Summary Guidelines Make sure you are accurate to the original. It is unethical to report that someone said something they didn’t. Make sure the main points are in your own words and avoid accidental plagiarism. Cite!

What about Turnitin.com? Turnitin Class Info: Class ID: 14820522 Psswd: 12345 I set turnitin to ignore everything in quotation or block quotes, so that that does not show up in an originality report. Jargon and keywords should be ignored unless there is another, equally clear way of saying the same thing. Significant phrase matches between your language and one of your sources may require revision.