Popular Recreation Local Unwritten rules / simple Cruel / violent Irregular / occasional Courtly / popular Rural / ritual Occupational Wagering

Social changes – that helped the development of rational recreation Pre-industrial Seasonal Time Limited Transport Illiteracy Harsh Rural Lifestyle Two class society Agricultural Uncivilized Lack of technology Post-industrial Machine Time Improved transport Business/Admin Skills More civilized Emergence of Middle Class Industrial Increased law and order Technological advancement

Boarding Expanding Boys Non- local Gentry Spartan Fee paying Trustees

Stage 1 – Bullying and Brutality Sport was recreation not educative Boarding gave boys free time together and they played the games they learnt at home They were run by the boys, for the boys Headmasters tried to stop violent activities Some activities were off site with no control over activities Used the games to let off steam, no referees, popular versions of the games Gave boys leadership & decision making opportunities

Stage 2 – Influences of Dr Arnold 1828 Dr Thomas Arnold - Head of Rugby school Areas of reform Discipline and expulsion of boys House system increased regular organised play & loyalty to house Importance of leadership, process of social control More staff control Activities to stay on school site

Stage 2 – Influences of Dr Arnold 1828 Dr Thomas Arnold - Head of Rugby school Areas of reform Discipline and expulsion of boys House system increased regular organised play & loyalty to house Importance of leadership, process of social control More staff control Activities to stay on school site

Spread of games in Society Old boys from public school from all over the country took codes with them that had to be rationalised. This process changed the face of sport. As graduates took the unified codes back into schools the standards improved. Games spread to the world at large. Estates managers encouraged estate and village games. Graduates careers (Old boys) Teachers – coached and played Officers - Army – spread the games to the ranks Politicians – improved facilities in Government Vicars - Church – established parish teams Industry/workers – improved sporting opportunities for workers Colonial – spread the games across the British Empire