CHAPTER 8 Creating a Republican Culture 1790–1820 James A. Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self America’s History Eighth Edition America: A Concise History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 8 Creating a Republican Culture 1790–1820 Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

I. The Capitalist Commonwealth A. Banks, Manufacturing, and Markets 1. Banking and Credit 2. Rural Manufacturing 3. New Transportation Systems

I. The Capitalist Commonwealth B. Public Enterprise: The Commonwealth System 1. “Public utility” 2. Critics

II. Toward a Democratic Republican Culture A. Opportunity and Equality — for White Men 1. Social divisions 2. Discrimination

II. Toward a Democratic Republican Culture B. Toward Republican Families 1. Republican Marriages 2. Republican Motherhood 7

II. Toward a Democratic Republican Culture C. Raising Republican Children 1. Two Modes of Parenting 2. Debates over Education 3. Promoting Cultural Independence 8

III. Aristocratic Republicanism and Slavery A. The Revolution and Slavery, 1776–1800 1. Manumission and Gradual Emancipation 2. Slavery Defended III. Aristocratic Republicanism and Slavery A. The Revolution and Slavery, 1776–1800 1. Manumission and Gradual Emancipation – One-third of population of South were slaves; some believed that the Revolution would end slavery; many black Loyalists fled to Canada at war’s end; others stayed in the States supporting the Patriots; free blacks in New England volunteered for service; some slaves in Maryland and Virginia bargained service in local militias for postwar freedom; in 1782, Virginia passed a manumission act that allowed for the release of slaves by their owners; condemnation of slavery by Quakers and Enlightenment thinkers increased after war; in 1784, Massachusetts abolished slavery; all states north of Delaware followed by 1804; some states promised freedom after a period of service; even where slavery was abolished, discrimination continued. 2. Slavery Defended – Financial investment in slaves made linking republicanism to their condition difficult for most slaveholders; some did release slaves or allow them to buy freedom; slavery was a “necessary evil” in the South, most contended; maintenance of white supremacy and planter lifestyle was critical; in 1800, a planned uprising by Gabriel Prosser (VA) resulted in him and 30 others being hanged; increased argument among southerners that republicanism was meant for whites only.

III. Aristocratic Republicanism and Slavery B. The North and South Grow Apart 1. Slavery and National Politics 2. African Americans Speak Out

III. Aristocratic Republicanism and Slavery C. The Missouri Crisis, 1819–1821 1. Constitutional Issues 2. The Missouri Compromise

IV. Protestant Christianity as a Social Force A. A Republican Religious Order 1. Religious Freedom 2. Church-State Relations 3. Republican Church Institutions

IV. Protestant Christianity as a Social Force B. The Second Great Awakening 1. A New Religious Landscape 2. Black Christianity

IV. Protestant Christianity as a Social Force C. Religion and Reform 1. Benevolence and reform 2. In political life

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IV. Protestant Christianity as a Social Force D. Women’s New Religious Roles 1. A Growing Public Presence 2. Spiritual authority vs. political power