Road Map - Quarter CS Concepts Data Structures Java Language Client/Implementer Efficiency Recursion Regular Expressions Grammars Sorting Backtracking Hashing Huffman Compression Data Structures Lists Stacks Queues Sets Maps Priority Queues Java Language Exceptions Interfaces References Comparable Generics Inheritance/Polymorphism Abstract Classes Java Collections Arrays ArrayList 🛠 LinkedList 🛠 Stack TreeSet / TreeMap HashSet / HashMap PriorityQueue

Exercise: fourAB Write a method fourAB that prints out all strings of length 4 composed only of a’s and b’s Example Output aaaa baaa aaab baab aaba baba aabb babb abaa bbaa abab bbab abba bbba abbb bbbb

Decision Tree a b … aa ab … aaa aab aaaa aaab aaba aabb

Exercise: Dice rolls Write a method diceRoll that accepts an integer parameter representing a number of 6-sided dice to roll, and output all possible arrangements of values that could appear on the dice. diceRoll(2); diceRoll(3); [1, 1] [1, 2] [1, 3] [1, 4] [1, 5] [1, 6] [2, 1] [2, 2] [2, 3] [2, 4] [2, 5] [2, 6] [3, 1] [3, 2] [3, 3] [3, 4] [3, 5] [3, 6] [4, 1] [4, 2] [4, 3] [4, 4] [4, 5] [4, 6] [5, 1] [5, 2] [5, 3] [5, 4] [5, 5] [5, 6] [6, 1] [6, 2] [6, 3] [6, 4] [6, 5] [6, 6] [1, 1, 1] [1, 1, 2] [1, 1, 3] [1, 1, 4] [1, 1, 5] [1, 1, 6] [1, 2, 1] [1, 2, 2] ... [6, 6, 4] [6, 6, 5] [6, 6, 6] interesting variation: Output only the *unique* rearrangements. For example, permute("GOOGLE") has two Os, but swapping them in order produces the same string, which shouldn't appear twice in the output.

A decision tree chosen available - 4 dice 1 3 dice 2 3 dice ... 1, 1 1, 2 2 dice 1, 3 2 dice 1, 4 2 dice ... ... ... 1, 1, 1 1 die 1, 1, 2 1 die 1, 1, 3 1 die 1, 4, 1 1 die ... ... 1, 1, 1, 1 1, 1, 1, 2 ... 1, 1, 3, 1 1, 1, 3, 2 ...

Examining the problem We want to generate all possible sequences of values. for (each possible first die value): for (each possible second die value): for (each possible third die value): ... print! This is called a depth-first search How can we completely explore such a large search space?

Backtracking backtracking: Finding solution(s) by trying partial solutions and then abandoning them if they are not suitable. a "brute force" algorithmic technique (tries all paths) often implemented recursively Applications: producing all permutations of a set of values parsing languages games: anagrams, crosswords, word jumbles, 8 queens combinatorics and logic programming

Backtracking strategies When solving a backtracking problem, ask these questions: What are the "choices" in this problem? What is the "base case"? (How do I know when I'm out of choices?) How do I "make" a choice? Do I need to create additional variables to remember my choices? Do I need to modify the values of existing variables? How do I explore the rest of the choices? Do I need to remove the made choice from the list of choices? Once I'm done exploring, what should I do? How do I "un-make" a choice?

Exercise: Dice roll sum Write a method diceSum similar to diceRoll, but it also accepts a desired sum and prints only arrangements that add up to exactly that sum. diceSum(2, 7); diceSum(3, 7); [1, 6] [2, 5] [3, 4] [4, 3] [5, 2] [6, 1] [1, 1, 5] [1, 2, 4] [1, 3, 3] [1, 4, 2] [1, 5, 1] [2, 1, 4] [2, 2, 3] [2, 3, 2] [2, 4, 1] [3, 1, 3] [3, 2, 2] [3, 3, 1] [4, 1, 2] [4, 2, 1] [5, 1, 1]

Consider all paths? chosen available desired sum - 3 dice 5 1 2 dice 2 4 2 dice 5 2 dice 6 2 dice 1, 1 1 die 1, 2 1 die 1, 3 1 die 1, 4 1 die 1, 5 1 die 1, 6 1 die 1, 1, 1 1, 1, 2 1, 1, 3 1, 1, 4 1, 1, 5 1, 1, 6 1, 6, 1 1, 6, 2 ...

Optimizations We need not visit every branch of the decision tree. Some branches are clearly not going to lead to success. We can preemptively stop, or prune, these branches. Inefficiencies in our dice sum algorithm: Sometimes the current sum is already too high. (Even rolling 1 for all remaining dice would exceed the sum.) Sometimes the current sum is already too low. (Even rolling 6 for all remaining dice would not reach the sum.) When finished, the code must compute the sum every time. (1+1+1 = ..., 1+1+2 = ..., 1+1+3 = ..., 1+1+4 = ..., ...)

New decision tree chosen available desired sum - 3 dice 5 1 2 dice 2 4 2 dice 5 2 dice 6 2 dice 1, 1 1 die 1, 2 1 die 1, 3 1 die 1, 4 1 die 1, 5 1 die 1, 6 1 die 1, 1, 1 1, 1, 2 1, 1, 3 1, 1, 4 1, 1, 5 1, 1, 6 1, 6, 1 1, 6, 2 ...

Exercise: Combinations Write a method combinations that accepts a string s and an integer k as parameters and outputs all possible k -letter words that can be formed from unique letters in that string. The arrangements may be output in any order. Example: combinations("GOOGLE", 3) outputs the sequence of lines at right. To simplify the problem, you may assume that the string s contains at least k unique characters. EGL EGO ELG ELO EOG EOL GEL GEO GLE GLO GOE GOL LEG LEO LGE LGO LOE LOG OEG OEL OGE OGL OLE OLG