CHAPTER 18 The Federal Court System

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Presentation transcript:

CHAPTER 18 The Federal Court System Jurisdiction Dual Court System Majority Opinion Judicial Review

CHAPTER 18 The Federal Court System Jurisdiction: The authority of a court to hear a case. Dual Court System: Two separate court systems; in America, the national judiciary courts and each court system within the States Majority Opinion: Officially called the Opinion of the Court; announces the Court’s decision in a case and sets out the reasoning upon which it is based. Judicial Review: The power of a court to determine the constitutionality of a governmental action.

CHAPTER 19 & 20 Civil Liberties Civil Rights Due Process Establishment Clause Free Exercise Clause Civil Disobedience Probable Cause Exclusionary Rule Cruel and Unusual Punishment

CHAPTER 19 & 20 Civil Liberties Civil Liberties: The guarantees of the safety of persons, opinions, and property from the arbitrary acts of government, including freedom of speech and freedom of religion. Civil Rights: A term used for those positive acts of government that seek to make constitutional guarantees a reality for all people, e.g. prohibitions of discrimination.

CHAPTER 19 & 20 Civil Liberties Due Process: The government must act fairly and in accord with established rules in all that it does. Establishment Clause: Separates the Church and State. Free Exercise Clause: the second part of the constitutional guarantee of religious freedom, which guarantees to each person the right to believe whatever he or she chooses to believe in matters of religion.

CHAPTER 19 & 20 Civil Liberties Civil Disobedience: A form of protest in which people deliberately but non-violently violate the law, as a means of expressing their opposition to some particular law or public policy. Probable Cause: Reasonable grounds, a reasonable suspicion of crime.

CHAPTER 19 & 20 Civil Liberties Exclusionary Rule: Evidence gained as the result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized. Cruel and Unusual Punishment: Constitutional prevention of barbaric torture used as punishment for a crime.

CHAPTER 21 Civil Rights Heterogeneous Discrimination Equal Protection Clause Affirmative Action Citizen Naturalization

CHAPTER 21 Civil Rights Heterogeneous: Of another or different race, family or kind; composed of a mix of elements. Discrimination: bias, unfairness. Equal Protection Clause: no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

CHAPTER 21 Civil Rights Affirmative Action: A policy that requires most employers to take positive steps to remedy the effects of past discrimination. Citizen: A member of a state or nation who owes allegiance to it by birth or naturalization and is entitled to full civil rights. Naturalization: The legal process by which citizens of one country become citizens of another.