Adrian Scott MSc Senior MBACP Accredited www.counsellingme.co.uk 07956 292 740 adrianscott@counsellingme.co.uk

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My Experience MBACP Senior Accredited Counsellor MBACP Senior Accredited Supervisor for Individuals and Groups Managed Counselling services in Voluntary Sector Bereaved, Homeless, Mental health, Carers

Expert Not a guru or psychodynamic expert Do not know everything Ideas to be Debated / Challenged

Other City Literary Courses Introduction to the Unconscious Day Working with Bereavement Day Living through Bereavement Day Psychology of Attachment 6 Fridays 6-9pm

Morning Session 10.40 Introduction 11am Icebreaker Exercise 12.00 Theory of the Psychodynamic Counselling 1pm Lunch  

Afternoon Session 2 pm Assessment Exercise 3pm Break 3.15pm Theory of the Psychodynamic Counselling 3.45pm Case Examples - Video 4.15pm Round Up / Administration 4.30pm End

Your Experience, Ideas & Examples

Audio Visual Jan Gale – Clinical Assessment Tavistock Clinic Susie Orbach - Radio Case Studies Cardiff Primary School – Organisational Case Study Tavistock Clinic

Learning Outcomes An Understanding of some of the History of the Psychodynamic An Understanding of some of the Theory of the Psychodynamic An Understanding of some of your own Psychodynamics!

The Day Wide range of skills in the room Hope you all get something out of it I am not an expert on the Psychodynamic Approach Encourage you to have your own view

Boundaries Look after yourselves the Psychodynamic Approach can be a difficult and emotive subject Do not say anything you do not want to say. This is not a therapy group! Confidentiality Agreement - All personal information should be kept to this room and with this group of people.

Living a Psychodynamic Life by Adrian Scott Be Sceptical (Greek for Inquiry) Hidden Unconscious Relate to Parental / Family experience in childhood Presenting Past Aware of Repeat Defenses Compulsion Resistance Stages of development Anal, Oral ………… Stuck not completed Attachment How? Why? Bereavement Childhood Relationships

Living a Psychodynamic Life by Adrian Scott Parts of a whole -relating to one another Transference

Living a Psychodynamic Life by Adrian Scott Limited Love Choices / Career choices / Parenting style Common Unhappiness "transform neurotic misery into common unhappiness“ Sigmund Freud Rearrange the Furniture / Unable to change the furniture

Icebreaker Exercise Ask Your Colleague: 1. What brought you here? 2. What is your interest and experience of the subject? 3. What do you want from the day? You will be asked to briefly and concisely to report back what your colleague has told you to the group, and check with your colleague how you did!

What do you want from the Day? Are there any Topics, Issues, that you would like to focus or discuss today? Write on flip chart

10-15 minute Break

Theory of the Psychodynamic Approach

Our Relationship to Theory

The Theory Tool Guide

The Theory of Psychodynamic Counselling Setting the Scene – Vienna in 1880s Hypnotized Example Childhood Example Neurology - The nervous system Conscious/ pre conscious / unconscious Psychoanalysis / Psychodynamic Free Association / Interpretation of Dreams /Unconscious Superego ego id Defense Mechanisms Transference / Counter transference Critique

Theory has its place Not thinking of theory in the room with the client Being with the client Theory - In supervision? So Theory is there for us to pick and choose Theory is there to help and support the being with

Vienna in 1880 Rise of New National States Rapid Increase of progress in Science, Industry, and Commerce. Exploration of remaining area of the world Deep-rooted security in Europe – Hapsburg Empire Universal stable values – men, women, family, class, hierarchy

Vienna in 1880 Strong emphasis on male domination World shaped for men by men.   Male virtues of ambition, aggressiveness, and toughness seen as positive. Education, family life was authoritarian Laws were repressive: corporal punishment the norm.

Vienna in 1880 Class society – Rigid divide between rich and poor Every bourgeois family had domestic servants Relationship between master and servant was unsentimental and authoritarian White mans’ domination of the world was unquestioned

Vienna in 1880 Stars involved in public quarrels, and then making up all in public view. Vienna was - Authoritarian and Rigid culture Women were domestic servants Lots of Leisure time

Vienna in 1880 Public obsession with love Love was a prime concern to men and women People were in love with the idea of love Which set the scene for Hysteria – attributed to women Theory of Sex

Birth of Sexual Psychology In Vienna Sex was Taboo Homosexuality banned Inappropriate relationships with children Sexually deviant behaviour rife Idea that Psychological reasons are at the root of sexual perversions gained ground

Vienna in 1880 Science was used as entertainment. People would go to see famous magicians and scientists performing tricks and doing experiments Hypnotism was performed at shows and was popular entertainment

Drama Audience Theatrical Showman

Hypnosis Example Awake Person is Hypnotised Person given suggestion Trigger - clap hands when hypnotised person hears “Hello” Hypnotiser says “Hello” Person hears command “Hello” and claps their hands Person Woken Up – unaware of Trigger

Hypnosis “Trick”   Awake Person who is unaware of what has happened / Trigger   Hypnotiser says “hello” Hypnotised person claps hands Audience Applause

How? How is the brain able to be hypnotized? Where is the dormant information or trigger stored for future re-activation? Is this the unconscious? Is the unconscious a place where certain thoughts stay separate from the conscious?

Parallel to Hypnosis – Childhood Example Awake child Has a painful experience Child “forgets / stores” experience (suggestion /command /trigger) At later stage in adulthood - “forgotten experience” is remembered by (suggestion /command /trigger ) Adult relives childhood pain

Childhood Teaching Example Child bitten by dog on a hill walk with family Dog Lover Parent blames child. Child hurt. Child “forgets” painful experience Later in life “forgotten experience” is remembered by (suggestion /command/trigger) Adult dislikes hill walking / dogs

Turning Point

Concept of a person 1900s

Concept of a person Post 1900s

“In the modern age we have come to understand our own selves as composites often contradictory, even internally incompatible. We understand that each of us is many different people. Our younger selves differ from our older selves; we can be bold in the company of lovers and timorous before our employers; principled when we instruct our children and corrupt when offered some secret temptation; we are serious and frivolous, loud and quiet, aggressive and easily abashed. The 19th century concept of the integrated self has been replaced by the jostling of I’s and yet unless we are damaged or deranged we usually have a relatively clear sense of who we are. I agree with my many selves to call all of them “me”. Salman Rushdie – Midnight’s Children

Link to Psychodynamic “ I don’t feel myself today” “ I don’t like that side of myself ” “ It just came over me, & I felt so cross with myself ” So the phrase “I felt so cross with myself” becomes I reminds the person of when their parents were actually cross with them. of the fantasy that their parents would be cross with them if they knew of the frustration of the person who might be cross with them of the illustration of the punitive part of the self called the super ego or conscience.

Arrival of Freud!

Sigmund Freud 1856- 1939 Freud studied medicine and neurology at the University of Vienna under Josef Breuer, a Viennese physician. From 1882 to 1886 Freud worked at the General Hospital, and experimented among others with cocaine, also using it himself. He went to Paris in 1885 to study under Jean Martin Charcot at the Salpetriere Hospital. There the hypnotic treatment of women, who suffered from a medical state called ‘hysteria’, led Freud to take an interest in psychiatry.

How? Freud was the first person to attempt to create and record a theory that reaches the unconscious

Freud created Theory of Psychoanalysis

The Theory of Psychoanalysis  AIM: Make the Unconscious Conscious How?  Patient – lies down   Free Association Interpretation of Dreams Unconscious Defense Mechanisms Childhood link to Adulthood  Objects Relations Theory

The Psychoanalyst Own analysis 5-10 years Comfortable and familiar with their own unconscious? Analysis and Interpretation of Resistance Transference and Countertransference Working with defences – repression Anxiety  

Psychoanalysis & Archaeology Freud’s Desk

Psychoanalysis Realising the unconscious is like an archaeological dig Brush away the earth to reveal another layer Repeat unconscious ideas to patient at each level - Directions to Jerusalem

Defense Mechanisms   Repression: blocking of memories, emotions, ideas form the conscious   Denial Refusal to accept external reality because it is too threatening Splitting: denying parts of the self that are perceived as unpleasant Delusion, Distortion, Identification, Acting Out, Idealisation, Somatising, Projection, Passive Aggression, Projective Identification, Intellectualising, Regression, Disassociation, displacement, fantasy.

Psychoanalysis Psychological theory conceived 19th / early 20th Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, Mostly by some of Freud's students, such as Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Wilhelm Reich Later by neo-Freudians such as Erich Fromm, Karen Horney and Jacques Lacan

Psychoanalysis Development is determined by events in early childhood by irrational drives; Drives are largely unconscious Making person aware of meets resistance called defense mechanisms Conflicts between conscious and unconscious (repressed) Liberation from the effects of the unconscious is done by making it conscious with a psychoanalyst

Psychoanalysis Patient lies on the couch and talks Analyst - Blank Screen / does not speak Unconscious brought to light by Free Association Dreams Transference / Counter Transference

Psychoanalysis Transference Unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another The inappropriate repetition in the present of a relationship that was important in a person's childhood Redirection of feelings and desires and especially of those unconsciously retained from childhood toward a new object Copying of emotions relating to repressed experiences, especially of childhood, and the substitution of another person ... for the original object of the repressed impulses Better understanding of the patient's feelings

Psychoanalysis Transference Transference can form a relationship of Erotic Feelings Rage / Hatred Mistrust Parent / Extreme dependence Putting therapist in a god-like or guru status

Psychoanalysis Counter-Transference Psychoanalyst’s feelings towards the transference / patient Emotional entanglement with a patient. Psychoanalyst’s familiarity with own countertransference is as critical as understanding the transference Valuable insight into what patients are attempting to elicit in psychoanalyst

Counter -Transference Example Psychoanalyst who is attracted to a patient Understand the countertransference aspect (if any) of the attraction, and look at how the patient might be eliciting this attraction. When the countertransference feelings are identified the therapist can ask the patient what his or her feelings are toward the therapist, Can explore how those feelings relate to unconscious motivations, desires, or fears.

Carl Jung 1875 –1961 Both Jung and Freud had profound belief in the unconscious Jung emphasised the role of symbolism Fell out: Freud not flexible enough to further Jung’s work Drew on Mythical and anthropological to illuminate (not prove) his theory

Jung / Freud Differences Freud – Scientific Psychoanalysis Theory Instincts Sexuality Conscious/Unconscious /Free A./Dreams Jung – Unscientific Analytic Psychology Archetypes Collective Unconscious, Literature, Myths and Legends

Carl Jung Archetypes The Self (ego) - archetype of wholeness Shadow – generally negative projected onto less favoured groups and indivduals Persona – the face shown to others

Carl Jung Archetypes Anima – In men feminine aspect of man Animus – In women masculine aspect of of women Function as opposites in the unconscious Influence relations of men and women to each other

Carl Jung Sources Symbols from mythology, religion, fairy tales, alchemic texts Symbols shared be everyone …. Collective Unconscious – pool of experience accessible to all

Jung - Complex A Complex is a personal unconscious - core of emotions, memories, perceptions Complexes are part of the psyche, source of all human emotions Complexes act autonomously Interfere with the will, disturbing memory and the conscious Complexes are not negative, but their effects can be

Carl Jung Jungian Analysis Goal - Analysand’s wholeness Come to terms with the Unconscious Establish on-going relationship between consciousness and the unconscious Examine relationship between unconscious and everyday life

Carl Jung Diagram of Psyche Conscious Personal Ucs Collective Ucs Self Complexes

Carl Jung Clips Transference and Archetypes - 10 minutes Collective Unconscious – 5 minutes Transference and Archetypes – 10 minutes Fantasy and the Unconscious - 5 minutes Jung on Freud and the Unconscious – 4 minutes

Psychoanalysis to Psychodynamic Freud and the Unconscious Psychoanalysis Jung Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Psychodynamic Counselling

Links Psychoanalysis & Psychodynamic     Freud Psychodynamic Dreams Interpersonal Interpretation Making Links Free Association Presenting Past Lying Down Sitting Up

Characteristics of the Psychodynamic The Frame Face to face talking Transference / Counter transference Resistance Childhood / Parental Attachments

Freud and the Unconscious An iceberg is often used to provide a visual representation of Freud’s theory that most of the human mind operates unconsciously. Conscious mind - ego Unconscious mind Further divided into the id - instincts and drive and the superego – conscience

Iceberg picture here

Psychodynamic Counselling 10 Key Points   1. Counsellor-Client Relationship    2. The Environment: Boundaries/Space/Time/Frequency / Continuity/Sole Relationship/ Payment  3. Confidentiality / Counsellor Non- disclosure   4. Reflecting…Empathising 5. Listening / Hearing 6. Acceptance/Trust 7. Resistance: Change, Status Quo 8. The Presenting Past /The Unconscious 9. Transference/Counter transference / Negative Transference / Erotic 10. Own Therapy / Supervision