Chapter 32: Introduction to Animal Evolution

Characteristics of All Animals Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes Mobile Lack cell walls Cells have tight and gap junctions Have nervous and muscular tissue Sexual reproduction Dominant diploid stage Have special regulatory genes- Hox genes

Embryonic Development Gastrulation Germ layers Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm

Traditional Animal Phylogenetic Tree

1. Parazoa / Eumetazoa Parazoa Lack true tissues Porifera (Sponges) Have true tissues All other animals

2. Radiata / Bilateria Radiata Includes Cnidaria, Ctenophora Dorsal and Ventral Wheel-like symmetry Two tissue layers- diplobastic Endoderm Ectoderm

2. Radiata / Bilateria Bilateria Dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior Mirror image symmetry Three tissue layers- triploblastic Mesoderm Archenteron Cephalization

3. Body cavities

4. Protostomes / Deuterostomes

4. Protostomes / Deuterostomes Mollusks, Annelids, Arthropods Blastopore Mouth first Cleavage Spiral Determinate Coelom formation Schizocoelous

4. Protostomes / Deuterostomes Echinoderms, chordates Blastopore Anus first Cleavage Radial Indeterminate Coelom formation Enterocoelous

Molecular Based Phylogenetic Tree

Chapter 34: Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity

Characteristics of All Chordates Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve chord Pharyngeal slits Post anal tail

Invertebrate Chordates Subphylum Urochordata Subphylum Cephalochordata

Jawless Vertebrates Class Myxini Class Cephalaspidomorph Hagfish Primitive vertebrates Class Cephalaspidomorph Lampreys

Class Chondrichthyes Oviparous Ovoviviparous Viviparous

Class Osteichthyes 2-chambered heart Operculum Swim bladder

Class Amphibia

Class Reptilia Amniotic egg Amnion Chorion Allantois Yolk sac

Class Aves Insulating feathers Hollow bones 4-chambered heart

Class Mammalia Hair, fur Mammary glands 4-chambered heart Groups Monotremes Marsupials Placental (Eutherian)

Order Primates Opposable thumb Forward-facing eyes Well-developed cerebral cortex Omnivorous