International Journal of Cardiology

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International Journal of Cardiology Characterization of the dynamic changes in left ventricular morphology and function induced by exercise training and detraining Attila Oláh, Attila Kovács, Árpád Lux, Márton Tokodi, Szilveszter Braun, Bálint Károly Lakatos, Csaba Mátyás, Dalma Kellermayer, Mihály Ruppert, Alex Ali Sayour, Bálint András Barta, Béla Merkely, Tamás Radovits International Journal of Cardiology DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.10.092 Copyright © 2018 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Load-independent contractility parameters measured by left ventricular pressure-volume analysis. Upper panel: representative original recordings of one control (Co) and exercised (Ex) rat during transient occlusion of the inferior vena cava at weeks (Wk) 0, 12 and 20. The slope of end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (ESPVR) reflects alterations of cardiac contractility. Lower panel: alterations of sensitive contractility parameters [ESPVR and preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW)] during training and detraining. *p < 0.05 vs. Co. piT and piD: interaction value of two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) during training and detraining, respectively. International Journal of Cardiology DOI: (10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.10.092) Copyright © 2018 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Consecutive standard echocardiographic measurements. Upper panel: representative left ventricular (LV) M-mode images from one control (Co) and exercised (Ex) rat at weeks (Wk) 0, 12 and 20. Note the increased wall thickness and decreased end-systolic dimensions in Ex rats compared to Co rats after completion of the training programme (Wk 12) and the reversibility of the observed structural alterations (Wk 20). Lower panel: Echocardiographic data of consecutive LV measurements: end-diastolic anterior wall thickness, relative wall thickness and LV mass values showed rapid development and regression of exercise-induced morphological alterations, which were followed by changes in fractional shortening and ejection fraction. Data: the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 Co vs. Ex. piT and piD: interaction value of mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) during training and detraining, respectively. International Journal of Cardiology DOI: (10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.10.092) Copyright © 2018 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Layout and results of speckle-tracking analysis. A: Representative speckle-tracking analysis images to determine global circumferential strain (GCS) and circumferential strain rate (CSr) on left ventricular mid-papillary short-axis original recordings of an exercised (Ex) rat at weeks (Wk) 0, 12 and 20. Each continuous curve represents a given segment of echocardiographic image. Average values of the 6 segments are delineated with the red dotted line and compared to an original recording from a control (Co) rat (blue dotted line). Results of consecutively measured GCS and CSr during training and detraining periods are depicted below. B: Results of consecutively measured global longitudinal strain (GLS) and longitudinal strain rate (LSr) during training and detraining periods *p < 0.05 Co vs. Ex. piT and piD: interaction value of mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) during training and detraining, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) International Journal of Cardiology DOI: (10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.10.092) Copyright © 2018 The Authors Terms and Conditions