Spine degeneration in a murine model of chronic human tobacco smokers

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Spine degeneration in a murine model of chronic human tobacco smokers D. Wang, L.A. Nasto, P. Roughley, A.S. Leme, A.M. Houghton, A. Usas, G. Sowa, J. Lee, L. Niedernhofer, S. Shapiro, J. Kang, N. Vo Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 20, Issue 8, Pages 896-905 (August 2012) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.04.010 Copyright © 2012 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Chronic tobacco smoke exposure decreased disc matrix PG. (A) Representative images of H&E (left panel, bar=250μm) and Safranin O/fast green stained discs (right panel, bar=50μm). Decreased cellularity in AF (yellow arrows) and endplate (black arrows) in H&E stained discs are indicated. Decreased safranin O staining of PG (red stain) in the NP was observed in smoke-exposed mice compared to unexposed mice (black arrow). (B) DMMB assay for total GAG content from AF and NP tissue of smoke-exposed mice and untreated controls. NS=nonsmokers, S=smokers. Average values from seven exposed mice and seven unexposed controls are shown with 95% confidence interval. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 896-905DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2012.04.010) Copyright © 2012 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Chronic exposure to tobacco smoke decreased new matrix protein synthesis in intervertebral disc. PG synthesis as measured by 35S-sulfate incorporation (A) and collagen synthesis by collagenase-sensitive incorporation of 3-H-proline (B) in intervertebral discs of mice exposed to tobacco smoking (S) and non-exposed control (NS). Average values from seven exposed mice and seven unexposed controls are shown with 95% confidence interval. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 896-905DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2012.04.010) Copyright © 2012 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Chronic cigarette smoke exposure increased disc aggrecan proteolysis. (A) Schematic representation of mouse PG aggregate consisting of the core aggrecan protein bound to hyaluronan via a linker protein. The MMP-mediated cleavage site (yielding VDIPEN neo-epitope) and ADAMTS-mediated cleavage site (yielding NVTEGE neo-epitope) within the IGD residing between the G1 and G2 domain of aggrecan are indicated. (B) Immunoblot analysis of G1 fragments bearing the NVTEGE and VDIPEN neo-epitopes. Protein size marker (M), nonsmokers (N), smokers (S). To control for loading, proteins extracted from 1mg of disc tissue wet weight were loaded per well. The anti-NITEGE neoepitope antibody cross-reacts with the NVTEGE neoepitope generated from mouse aggrecan. (C) Immunohistochemical detection of aggrecan fragments using antibodies raised against the NITEGE and VDIPEN neo-epitopes. Forty-two day-old rat tibial growth plate was used as a positive control for anti-VDIPEN (C.1) and anti-NITEGE (C.2) detection. A negative control without addition of the primary antibodies is shown in C.3. Arrow indicates sites of detection of positive signal. The bars represent 100μm. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 896-905DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2012.04.010) Copyright © 2012 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Effects of exposure to tobacco smoking on cell senescence and cell death in mouse intervertebral discs. (A), Left panel, immunohistochemical detection of P16INK4a, a cellular senescence marker, to distinguish senescent (brown, arrow) from non-senescent (blue) cells in NP tissue. Right panel, TUNEL assay to identify apoptotic cells (green) in disc AF tissue. Insets, nuclear DAPI stain to reveal tissue cellularity. The bars represent 20μm. (B) Quantitative assessment of the percent immunopositive cells for P16INK4a and TUNEL. Average values from seven random fields are shown with 95% confidence interval. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 896-905DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2012.04.010) Copyright © 2012 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Smoking exposure effects on vertebral bone. (A) Representative 3D reconstruction of the micro-computed tomographical images of the spine (top) and vertebral trabecular bone (bottom). All panels are at the same magnification and the bar represents 500μm. (B) Smoking-induced changes in Tb.T, vertebral bone porosity, and vertebral endplate porosity. Quantitative bone parameters (TV, BV, Tb.T). Average values from seven exposed mice and seven unexposed controls are shown with 95% confidence interval. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 896-905DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2012.04.010) Copyright © 2012 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 A summary of effects of tobacco smoking on spine degeneration. Smoking negatively impacts the major structures of the spine, including vertebral bone, endplate, and intervertebral disc. Within the intervertebral disc, smoking affects disc cellular function as well as induces matrix aggrecan breakdown. Col, collagen. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 896-905DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2012.04.010) Copyright © 2012 Terms and Conditions