So you’re taking Anatomy & Phys…what’s the Diff? Introduction to A & P So you’re taking Anatomy & Phys…what’s the Diff? Anatomy = study of STRUCTURE example: memorizing names of muscles Physiology = study of FUNCTION example: understanding how muscle microfibers slide together to cause a muscle contraction

Ways to study anatomy… *Gross anatomy = can see with naked eye example: a whole heart *Microscopic anatomy = can only see with microscope example: a single cardiac cell

Levels of structural organization Atom = smallest particle of substance Cell = building block of life Tissue = group of similar cells Organ = group of similar tissues Organ System = group of similar organs Organism = all organ systems together

12 organ systems REMEMBER “Dr smile nicer” D igestive stomach, intestines R espiratory trachea, lungs S keletal bones M uscular muscles I ntegumentary skin, hair, nails L ymphatic lymph nodes & vessels E ndocrine glands & hormones N ervous brain, spinal cord, & nerves I mmune white blood cells, B cells, T cells C ardiovascular heart, blood vessels E xcretory kidneys, bladder R eproductive ovaries, uterus, testes, prostate

homeostasis = maintenance of a stable internal environment Example: body temp Normal = 98.6 °F If increases above normal, your body _______. If decreases below normal, your body _______. Other examples: blood sugar & blood pH

Ways homeostasis works… Negative feedback = your body REVERSES a change Example: You stand in the plaza in the hot sun during lunch, your body temp increases to 100°F. You sweat, which evaporates to cool you back down to 98° Positive feedback = your body INCREASES a change Example: A pregnant woman’s uterus starts contractions as she goes into labor. Her body increases the contractions to be stronger & more frequent until the baby is born.

Diseases, disorders, & death, oh my! The inability to maintain homeostasis results in… DISEASE DISORDERS DEATH

Anatomical position = standing upright, palms facing forward Seen in anatomy textbooks & web images Standard way of illustrating anatomy of human figures, agreed upon by scientists = standing upright, palms facing forward

Directional terms Superior (cranial) = above Inferior (caudal) = below Example: nose is superior to chin Ventral (anterior) = in front of Dorsal (posterior) = behind Example: bellybutton is anterior to buttocks

Directional terms … Medial = towards middle Lateral = towards the side Example: nose is medial to the cheekbones Example: arms are lateral to the heart Proximal = close to body trunk Distal = further from body trunk Example: Elbow is proximal to wrist Example: Knee is distal to thigh

Directional terms… Superficial (external) = toward body surface Deep (internal) = away from body surface Example: Skin is superficial to bones Example: Lungs are deep to rib cage Let’s Practice… The elbow is __________ to the fingers. The knee is ___________ to the fingernails. The ears are __________ to the nose. The chin is ___________ to the heels.

3 directional planes in dissection… BTdubbs: Di = 2 Section = cut Dissection = to cut into 2 pieces Median (midsagittal) section = cut into equal left & right halves Frontal (coronal) section = cuts into front & back halves Transverse (cross) section = cut into top & bottom halves

Let’s Practice… You are a surgeon and planning to do open heart surgery…. you would need to make a ________________ cut into the chest cavity. You have a patient that has gangrene in the lower portion of their leg and you need to amputate….. You would make a ________________ cut through the leg. The abdominal muscles and muscles of the back are separated by the _______________ plane.

Body cavities… Cavity = an empty space 4 main body cavities in humans: * Cranial = holds brain * Spinal = holds soft spinal cord * Thoracic = holds heart & lungs * Abdominopelvic = holds digestive & urinary system organs

Which cavity is the heart found in? Which cavity contains the spinal cord? Which cavity contains the ovaries? Which cavity contains the stomach? Which cavity contains the lungs? Which cavity consists of the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities?

Let’s interact with our notes! Pick one “Left-Side Assignment” to complete that addresses all that you just learned: Definition of A & P Levels of organization of living things 12 organ systems Homeostasis Anatomical position Directional terms Dissection Body cavities