Chapter 2 The planting of English America Colonizing America– 1500-1733 Chapter 2 The planting of English America

Chapter 1 – Review Hernan Cortes conquest on Mexico defeated what Native group? - Aztecs Mexico became the capital of what Spanish colony? - New Spain The territory north of New Spain was called what? -New Mexico

Chapter 1 – Review (Continued) King Francis of France wanted to find a northern route through North America to the Pacific Ocean which was referred to as this? -Northwest Passage What industry of trade was the largest for the French? -Fur trading Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette set off to explore this river? -Mississippi The French in Louisiana were the first in the New World to import what? -African Slaves

Section 2 – English Colonies in America Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America Established 100 years after the first English explorers arrived Cabot sailed after Columbus and was lost at sea – found no wealth during first voyage English did not try to colonize America for another 80 years – no money and no compelling reason to migrate – Spain, an English ally already claimed America During the late 1500s changes would lead England to America

Section 2 (Continued) - Reformation Martin Luther – Protestant Reformation – expelled from Catholic church – Lutherans John Calvin – congregations not monarchies should rule the Church -many early English settlers in America were Calvinists Feud between King Henry and the Pope lead to an Anglican Church and a Catholic Church – Puritans tried to purify the Church of all of the Catholic elements – Puritans led by Queen Elizabeth I

Section 2 (Continued) - Reformation Puritans still witnessed many Catholic elements and were not happy – King James I came along – upset Puritans ready to leave England

Section 2 (Continued) – Economic Changes in England Sheep -> Enclosure Movement -> poor unemployed beggars Surplus wool led to joint-stock companies -> pooled money of many investors English merchants could afford to trade with and colonize other parts of the world without government financing

Section 2 (continued) – England Returns to America Needed to find new wool markets -> routes through North America to Asia New interest in America was also due to growing rivalry with Spain -> allies to enemies -> Protestant and Catholic England’s new alliance with Dutch -> privateers

Section 2 (continued) – England Returns to America English lacked bases for protection against Spain – led to several attempts to colonize N. America – Gilbert failed – Raleigh successful and knighted – named land Virginia after the queen and founded Roanoke

Section 2 (continued) – Roanoke? 1585 Raleigh sent ~100 men to settle Roanoke – colonists returned to England – harsh winter Tried again in 1587 – sent 91 men, 17 women, and 9 children – John White (Governor) sent back to England to get supplies White returned in 1590 and everyone was GONE! Remains a MYSTERY!

Section 2 (continued) - Jamestown James I approved the Virginia Company to plant colonies in Virginia - colony named after the king – near swamp land Consisted of mostly townspeople – knew little about living in the woods – did not know how to handle livestock and grow crops – 344 men, only 53 alive by the end of the year Captain John Smith became a leader and revived the colony with the help of Chief Powhatan

Section 2 (continued) - Jamestown John Smith and the Powhatan Confederacy traded with each other which in turn helped Jamestown survive the harsh winter in 1607 Smith went back to England -> 400 new settlers arrived to work -> not enough food -> stealing led to wars with Native Americans -> cannibalism Tobacco saves the colony -> led by John Rolfe -> sold for a good price

Section 2 (continued) – Jamestown Set up government -> each colonist obtained the right to elect its own assembly to propose laws Elected representatives were called burgesses and the assembly was called the House of Burgessess Headrights encouraged new settlers -> gave them 50 acres of land with purchase of their passage By 1622, more than 4,500 settlers had arrived in Virginia -> alarmed Native Americans who attacked Jamestown – 350 dead – Charter withdrawn and Jamestown became a royal colony run by a king-appointed governor

Section 2 (continued) – Maryland Founded by George Calvert – Lord Baltimore Founded with the idea to be used as an escape from Catholic persecution in England Maryland became England’s first proprietary colony -> owned by an individual who essentially had the same power as the king.

Section 3 – New England Group of Puritans called Separatists (later known as Pilgrims) broke away from the Anglican Church, faced persecution and decided to come to America. Mayflower set sail in 1620 -> 102 Passengers -> took 65 days Ended up in Plymouth on the Massachusetts Bay

Section 3 (continued) – Plymouth Colony Leader -> William Bradford Plague swept sparing only 50 people Help from Squanto -> how to set corn, where to fish, and how to obtain many commodities The Pilgrims (signed treaty) and the Wampanoag people celebrated for three days –> first Thanksgiving

Section 3 (continued) - Massachusetts John Winthrop – Massachusetts Bay Company -> received a royal charter in 1629 to create a colony in New England Winthrop decided to make Massachusetts a refuge for Puritans -> 900 settlers set sail in eleven ships By end of year another 1,000 settlers came – Boston founded – Great Migration – 1643 -> 20,000 settlers in New England

Section 3 (continued) – Massachusetts Governed by a General Court -> freeman who owned stock in the company John Winthrop – first governor – ignored charter and made rules himself with his assistants -> restricted freemans power for four years until they demanded to see charter -> General Court took power Winthrop believed the government should help the church – laws passed requiring everyone to go to church Heretics threatened the community -> beliefs differed from the majority

Section 3 (continued) – Rhode Island Roger Williams -> viewed as a threat in Puritan settlements, kicked out, started his own colony – Providence Accepted all kinds of religious views -> government had no authority in religious matters More people banished for having dissenting views – founded Portsmouth (Anne Hutchinson), Newport, and Warwick Colony of Rhode Island -> separation between church and state

Section 3 (continued) - Connecticut Founded by Reverend Hooker -> wanted more land for his congregation and wanted everyone to be allowed to vote (not just church members) Adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – first written constitution of the American colonies

Section 3 (continued) – New Hampshire and Maine Other towns established north of Massachusetts – consisting of a lot of fishers and fur traders New Hampshire – established as a royal colony Maine was part of Massachusetts until 1820

Section 4 – Middle and Southern Colonies English Civil War was being fought between Parliament and the Puritans in England Due to the war, the colonies in America chose sides Some populations declined due to Puritans returning home to fight in the war Charles I -> “Restoration” -> new wave of colonization

Section 4 (continued)– New York Henry Hudson discovered the Hudson River Dutch sold the land in “New Netherland” to many types of immigrants -> imported slaves from Africa Charles II ordered warships to take New Netherland from the Dutch and rename it New York – offered land grants and religious freedom – Puritans

Section 4 (continued) – Pennsylvania Founded by William Penn -> settled by Quakers Quakers advocated “pacifism” – opposition to war and violence “Holy Experiment” 1684 – over 7,000 colonists and by 1700 Philadelphia rivaled Boston and New York as a center for trade and commerce William Penn later bought 3 counties which later became Delaware

Section 4 (continued) – North Carolina Carolina’s are named after King Charles North had a small, scattered population Grew slowly due to lack of a harbor -> began growing tobacco and exporting naval supplies -> population increased

Section 4 (continued) – South Carolina Was most interesting to people -> ability to grow sugarcane Charles Town (Charleston) – Named after King Charles Exported deer skin and captured Native Americans to ship them to the Caribbean to became slaves

Section 4 (continued) - Georgia Named after King George -> suggested by James Oglethorpe A place where imprisoned people due to debt was sent to start their lives over 1751 – Royal Colony

Section 4 (continued) – England’s American Colonies By 1775 – population of 2.5 million people English success would become its undoing People became used to self-government and would later rebel against England to form the United States of America