Psychology 101 On-line Psychology 101 Learning Principles and Applications Chapter 9 Section 1: Classical Conditioning Psychology 101

Learning Objectives: Describe the principles of classical conditioning Psychology 101 On-line Learning Objectives: Describe the principles of classical conditioning Understand the principles of classical conditioning

Learning Psychology 101 On-line 09/15/99 Defining Learning Learning refers to the ____________________________________________(or potential for behavior) brought about by experience, provided that the change cannot be explained on the basis of a simpler cause (e.g., native response tendencies, maturation, or temporary states such as fatigue, drugs, etc.). ©1999 Prentice Hall 3

Conditioning Conditioning involves forming associations between environmental ____________ and _____________: Two types of conditioning are: _____________Conditioning

New Reflexes from Old _______was the first to describe and document the form of learning we now call classical conditioning. Learning with classical conditioning occurs when a ________stimulus is regularly paired with an Unconditioned Stimulus _____than elicits a conditioned response ____ that is similar to the original, unlearned one.

Classical Conditioning Defined Classical Conditioning is :

Learning Psychology 101 On-line 09/15/99 Pavlov’s Apparatus Figure 5.3 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. To understand Classical Conditioning one need to become familiar with four terms: Unconditioned stimulus (US) stimulus eliciting an automatic or reflexive response. Unconditioned response (UR) an originally neutral stimulus that come to elicit a conditioned response after being paired with the US. Conditioned Stimulus (CR) An originally neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being paired with a US. Conditioned Response (CR) response that is elicited by a CS. Harness and fistula (mouth tube) help keep dog in a consistent position and gather uncontaminated saliva samples They do not cause the dog discomfort ©1999 Prentice Hall 7

Classical Conditioning

Principles of Classical Conditioning Learning Psychology 101 On-line 09/15/99 Principles of Classical Conditioning Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination ©1999 Prentice Hall 10

Principles of Classical Conditioning Acquisition Learning Psychology 101 On-line 09/15/99 Principles of Classical Conditioning Acquisition Acquiring the conditioned response occurs _________ With each pairing of the conditioned response and the unconditioned stimulus, the __________ _________is strengthened. Timing: Presenting the CS about _______________before the US yields the strongest associations ©1999 Prentice Hall 10

Principles of Classical Conditioning Extinction If, after conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly present _______the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response will eventually disappear. Extinction is the weakening and eventual _________________of a learned response in classical conditioning. It occurs when the ______________ ______________is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Principles of Classical Conditioning Spontaneous Recovery Once a CR is extinguished, it does ____ mean that it is completely unlearned. Spontaneous Recovery: After a period of time, the CR may ________when the CS is presented again without the US Note that the CR does not return to ____ _________

Acquisition and Extinction Psychology 101 On-line Learning 09/15/99 Acquisition and Extinction Figure 5.5 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Spontaneous Recovery ~ The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction. ©1999 Prentice Hall 8

Extinction Curve

Spontaneous Recovery

Principles of Classical Conditioning Stimulus Generalization Psychology 101 On-line Principles of Classical Conditioning Stimulus Generalization Stimulus Generalization After conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that _________ one involved in the original conditioning In classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus that resembles the _____________Stimulus (CS) elicits the _____________ Response (CR) He who hath been bitten by a snake fears a rope.

Principles of Classical Conditioning Stimulus Discrimination The tendency to respond ___________ to two or more similar stimuli; in classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus __________ to the Conditioned Stimulus ______ to evoke the Conditioned Response.

Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination Learning Psychology 101 On-line 09/15/99 Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at the sight of a circle (CS) The dog also salivated to an ______ Dog eventually learned to salivate to the circle and _____ the oval. How do you think this happened? Figure 5.2 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Hailman, J.P. (1969). How an instinct is learned. Scientific American, 221, 98-106. ©1999 Prentice Hall 4

What is Actually Learned in Classical Conditioning For effective conditioning to occur, it is not enough to pair the stimuli The neutral stimulus must reliably _______ the unconditioned one. Because real life is anything but consistent, conditioning is _____certain in everyday life.

Classical-conditioning terms can be hard to learn, so let’s practice: Name the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response in this situation. Five-year-old Samantha is watching a storm from her window A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap, and Samantha jumps at the noise. This happens several more times. There is a brief lull and then another lightning bolt. Samantha jumps in response to the bolt. US ___________ UR ___________ NS ___________ CS ___________ CR ___________

Classical-conditioning terms can be hard to learn, so be sure to take this quiz before going on. Name the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response in this situation. Gregory’s mouth waters whenever he eats anything with lemon in it. One day, while reading an ad that show a big glass of lemonade, Gregory notices his mouth watering. US ___________ UR ___________ NS ___________ CS ___________ CR ___________

Classical Conditioning in the Real World John Watson Psychology 101 On-line Classical Conditioning in the Real World John Watson John Watson Was One of the Pioneers and the First to Recognize the Implications of Pavlovian Theory in ____ ______. Watson Founded the American Behaviorism and Promoted Pavlovian Ideas Particularly in the Areas of _________________. Watson, John Broadus (1878-1958), American psychologist, born in Greenville, South Carolina, and educated at Furman University and the University of Chicago. From 1908 to 1920 he was professor of psychology and director of the psychological laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. Watson is noted as the founder and leading exponent of the school of psychology known as behaviorism, which restricts psychology to the study of objectively observable behavior and explains behavior in terms of stimulus and response. His writings include Animal Education (1903), Behavior (1914), Behaviorism (1925; revised ed., 1930), and Psychological Care of Infant and Child (1928).

Watson’s Extreme Environmentalism Learning Psychology 101 On-line 09/15/99 Watson’s Extreme Environmentalism “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in, and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to be any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.” John Broadus Watson, 1928 ©1999 Prentice Hall 5

Learning to Like Madison Avenue has made excellent use of the principles classical conditioning. For example, Gorn (1982) discusses an experiment where two groups of student were shown one or two slides of a beige or blue pen. The blue pen was associated with a popular modern song while the beige pen was paired with more traditional Indian music. When asked to express their preference, more than 3/4s of the student selected the blue pen. Why?

Learning to Fear Just as positive association can be established using classical conditioning, ________associations can also be formed. Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) deliberately establishing a rat phobia in an 11-month-old boy named ________to demonstrate how we learn to _____.

In Summary Classical Conditioning helps animals and humans ______what is going to happen. Can you predict the following? Sample One Sample Two Sample Three