Precursors to the Civil War Manifest Destiny… & The Missouri Compromise (1820) The push for the west led to opposition surrounded by slavery Missouri Compromise held that Louisiana Territory north of the 36° 30’ parallel Compromise of 1850 California admitted as free state Territorial gov’t would be formed w/o restrictions on slavery in rest of land acquired from Mexico Fed gov’t would assume Texas’s public debt in exchange for Texas yielding its border dispute w/ New Mexico Slave trade, but not slavery itself, would be abolished in Washington D.C. New more effective fugitive slave law would go into effect (in particular hoped to stop the Underground RR) Opposition to fugitive slave laws Often white & black abolitionists would protect runaway slaves from their pursuers w/ force Gov’t would drop charges due to public outcry How do you think this went over in the South? Refusal of eliminating possibility of slavery in the west (new territory) upset the North.

Kansas-Nebraska Bill (1854) Transcontinental RR to be built through Nebraska territory Senator Douglass offered senators who wanted a more southern route a little incentive Allow residents of territory to decide whether or not it would permit slavery This would effectively undue the Missouri Compromise since the territory lied north of the boundary lines set for slave states Bill was passed & the idea of “popular sovereignty” on issue of slavery was promoted (people of each state/territory choosing) Battles began to ensue (became known as “Bloody Kansas” Dred Scott ruling

Rise of the Republican Party Other parties: Democratic Party; Whig Party; Free Soil Party; Know Nothing Party Free Soil Party = opposed to slavery Know Nothing Party = opposed immigration & Catholics (who were Catholics?) Democratic Party = split on opposition to slavery Republican Party = opposed to slavery Whig Party = favored the rule of Congress/Constitution (broke up over ? of slavery) Constitutional Unionist Party = neutral on slavery (many former Whigs joined this group)

Secession December 20th, 1860 South Carolina secedes To follow in 1861 1 month of Lincoln’s election To follow in 1861 Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, & Texas Met on February 9th, 1861 in Montgomery, Alabama Created Confederate States of America Elected former U.S. Senator (& slave owner) Jefferson Davis as president Arkansas, North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, & Mississippi joined not too long after (total of 11 out of 34 originally… WV breaks off of VA & enters Union in 1863) To avoid more states from leaving Lincoln put secessionists in jail, arrested state legislators, & limited freedom of press (in border states mainly, like Maryland)

Union States 1) Oregon 2) California 3) Minnesota 4) Iowa 5) Kansas 6) Missouri* 7) Illinois 8) Wisconsin 9) Indiana 10) Kentucky* 11) Michigan 12) Ohio 13) Pennsylvania 14) Maryland* 15) Delaware* 16) New Jersey 17) New York 18) Connecticut 19) Massachusetts 20) Vermont 21) New Hampshire 22) Maine 23) West Virginia 24) Rhode Island * = Border state that remained loyal to Union but still had slaves

Fort Sumter South Carolina Small union regiment was guarding Fort Sumter Running low on supplies Lincoln decides to send supplies Says will not use force unless Confederates blocked the aid Davis can either let them through or attack Chose to attack the fort on April 12th, 1861 2 days later fort surrenders Civil War begins (The 2nd American Revolution) FYI – Gen. Anderson of Fort Sumter was actually best friends w/ Davis… remember this is a war b/w states/brothers…

The American Civil War Famous Players: Ulysses S. Grant Side: North Abraham Lincoln Side: North Stats: Union President Jefferson Davis Side = South Status = Confederate President Robert E. Lee Side: South Stats: General Ulysses S. Grant Side: North Stats: General George B. McClellan Stonewall Jackson Side: South William T. Sherman Status: General

The American Civil War Initial war aims for the Union: What did Lincoln say the goal of the war was? Preserve the Union Why not the abolition of slavery? 4 slave states were still apart of the union: Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri, & Maryland Also had to overthrow the Confederate army & bring the 11 seceded states back to the Union War aims for the Confederacy: Maintain their territory & preserve their way of life

Crucial tactic for the Union: “Contraband Slaves” = slaves who ran North to the Union were gains of war Gave important tips on Confederate positions & increased Union forces Helps turn the war aim to one of freedom 1st Battle of Bull Run (Virginia) (July 21st, 1861) Union = 33,000 (General McDowell) Confederacy = 22,000 (General Beauregard) 600 men died People came to picnic @ the battle site!!! Confederate victory prompted Union Congress to pass the first Confiscation Act that said a slave owner who forces his slaves to fight for the Confederacy will lose his rights to those slaves So what does this mean? Also, prompted Lincoln to replace McDowell w/ General McClellan

2nd Battle of Bull Run August 29th-30th, 1862 South: General Lee & General Jackson joined forces North: General Pope  was suppose to be reinforced by McClellan South defeated Pope decisively & Lincoln relieved him of his command Lee then moved north to Maryland September 17th, 1862 Battle of Antietam One of the bloodiest battles Over 20,000 killed/wounded in one day McClellan was able to hold off Lee & forced him to retreat However, he did not pursue Lee to destroy his army… this upset Lincoln & McClellan was relieved of his command

The Emancipation Proclamation (January 1st, 1863): Economics: North Resources: Pop: 22 million Factories (can produce war supplies easier) Strong currency Mineral resources Good food production South Resources: Pop: 9 million (about 4 million of those were slaves though…) Lacked factories New currency Fewer mineral resources Struggled w/food production So how is the South winning these first major battles? 2 advantages: More trained generals/soldiers Familiar w/landscape (since most was fought in south) The Emancipation Proclamation (January 1st, 1863): Set free 3.5 million slaves (left about 500,000 though in 4 border states) 3 reasons for emancipation 1) African Americans were playing a large role in the war 2) Union not doing so hot 3) Cut off Confederacy from GB GB huge buyer of southern cotton Take away slaves = limited cotton supply = less cotton exportation = less $$$

Gettysburg & Vicksburg July 1st - 3rd, 1863 (Pennsylvania) North: General Meade South: General Lee & General Pickett 23,000 Union soldiers dead, wounded, or missing 28,000 Confederate soldiers (over 1/3 of Lee’s army) North wins Lee managed to retreat May 18th – July 4th, 1863 (Mississippi) North: General Grant (71,000) South: General Pemberton (31,000) Grant captured 30,000 Confederate soldiers & effectively took over the Mississippi Valley (richest plantation region in South) Also, encouraged more slaves to join the Union Gain control of Mississippi River These were decisive wins for the North & began the undoing of the South

War Comes to an End 1864 April 1865 Sherman begins pushing through Georgia while Grant has Lee on the run Sherman is able to capture Atlanta, one of the most important southern cities Sherman & his army destroyed everything in their path as they moved through the south (slash & burn tactics) In desperation President Davis tried to win back African Americans by offering them pay to fight for the Confederates as well as freedom for them & their families April 1865 South concedes defeat Left in ruin Most battles fought in the South Many areas destroyed (Sherman’s campaign for example) End of slavery meant that plantation life was no longer as profitable Confederate currency became useless More than 600,000 men died April 14th, 1865 Lincoln is assassinated

War Killers: Survey Says: Of course, enemy fire Starvation Exposure Disease Measles Dysentery = diarrhea Malaria **By the way many died not as a direct result of wounds but from the unsterilized surgeries that occurred b/c they did not realize the importance of sterilization/have a full understanding of microbes