The Respiratory System

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Presentation transcript:

The Respiratory System

Upper Respiratory Tract Nose Nasal cavity Sinuses

Pharynx Larynx

Lower Respiratory Tract Trachea

Bronchi, bronchial tree Alveoli

Lungs

Smoker’s lungs

Ventilation Requires change in pressure Boyle’s law of gases Three types of pressure: Atmosphere Intraalveolar Intrapleural

Inspiration Expiration

Respiratory Volumes & Capacities Tidal volume Inspiratory & expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Vital capacity Inspiratory capacity Total lung capacity

External vs. Internal Respiration

Oxygen Transport Carried by RBCs Combines with hemoglobin (loading) Only about 25% is unloaded at tissues Factors influencing unloading: Low oxygen levels High carbon dioxide levels Temperature increase Low pH

Carbon Dioxide Transport Dissolved in plasma Combined with hemoglobin Part of bicarbonate ion

Respiratory Regulation Normal rate: 12-20 breaths per minutes Controlled by brain stem Influences diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Factors That Affect Breathing Stretch levels in alveoli Higher brain functions Body temperature Nonrespiratory air movement Changes in carbon dioxide levels

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