Introduction Anatomy Azami PHD

Definition Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open” Study of the structure of the body, either regionally or systematically Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems

History of Anatomy Probably began with early examinations of sacrifice victims. First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BC. Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels)

Medicine during Medieval Times (5th -15th ) When Rome fell, little was done to advance the studies. Cadavers were no longer used Avicenna (ابن سینا یا پورسینا)

16th Century Contributions Began to make drawings of dissections of executed cadavers

17th and 18th centuries Few dissections were allowed Only certain scientists were allowed to perform them Doctors literally traveled from dissection to dissection

19th Century Anatomy Act of 1832 provided adequate supply of corpses Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858

Overview of Anatomy Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Gross or macroscopic Microscopic Developmental

Microscopic Anatomy Cytology – study of the cell Histology – study of tissues

Developmental Anatomy Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth

Gross Anatomy Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Anatomical terminology This generally relates to: Names of the organ systems or regions Names of body organs or their parts Anatomical planes Anatomical locations http://www.anatomy.usyd.edu.au/glossary/

Modern Anatomy X-rays, CT scans, MRI

Organ systems Musculoskeletal (muscles, bones, joints) Cardiovascular (heart, arteries and veins) Respiratory (respiratory tract, lungs) Digestive (oesophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas) Urinary (kidney, bladder) Reproductive (male/female) Nervous system

Anatomical terminology Anatomical planes

Anatomical Planes Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts Coronal or frontal– divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Horizontal or transverse (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Anatomical planes - 1 Median or mid-sagittal plane Passing from front to back in the long axis of the body IN the midline.

Anatomical planes - 2 Sagittal: Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts

Saggital plane

Anatomical planes - 3 Coronal or frontal: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Coronal Plane

Anatomical planes - 4 Horizontal or transverse (cross section) : divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Horizontal Plane

Anatomical positions

Movements Adduction Moving a body part towards the midline of the body Abduction Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

Anatomical movements Prone Lying face down Supine Pronation Supine Lying face up Supination

Movements Flexion Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones Extension Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones

Anatomical movements Flexion/Extension

Movements Retraction Moving a part backward Protraction Moving a part forward

Anatomical positions 1. Cranial toward the head 2. Caudal - toward the feet 3. Medial - toward the middle 4. Lateral - toward/from the side 5. Proximal - toward the attachment of a limb 6. Distal - toward the finger/toes 7. Superior - above 8. Inferior - below