The British in North America Review Chapter 3 The British in North America

Things to study for Part B and C 1. British reasons for coming to North American colonies

Colonies in North America Reasons Britain Built Colonies in North America Economy Quality of Life Religious Freedom Competition -no farmland left in Britain -no space in the cities -North America was a good place to restart -wanted to copy France, Spain and Portugal = making money! -many groups wanted to escape poor treatment they got in Europe -ex. Puritans, Quakers, Baptists -competed mostly with Spain and France -wanted to be the most powerful nation in Europe Page 11 of your package

2. The Treaty of Utrecht (consequences for North American colonies)

The Treaty of Utrecht: Results for North America Page 16 of your package The Treaty of Utrecht: Results for North America The French keep Cape Breton Island and the Fortress of Louisbourg Acadia goes to the British and is re-named Nova Scotia Acadia goes to the British and is re-named Nova Scotia Also the forts of Rupert’s Land and Newfoundland

3. Building of Halifax

Naval ships brought British colonist and soldiers to the new fort. The British were worried about the French presence in Nova Scotia, especially at the Fortress of Louisbourg. They planned to build Halifax in Nova Scotia; they built it to show their sovereignty over Nova Scotia. Naval ships brought British colonist and soldiers to the new fort. Houses and buildings were built at the base of the hill, and the British built the military fort at the top. The government of Halifax had an elected assembly; citizens were able to vote after the year 1758. Citizens contributed by: Working at a job Paying taxes Volunteering Obeying the law Pages 14 – 16 of your package.

4. The discovery of Hudson’s Bay and the start of the HBC

Page 17 of your package Radisson and des Grosseilliers, after failing to convince the French, convinced the British to pay for them to explore the Bay and the land and waters that emptied into it. The merchants who paid for the expedition convinced the king to grant them a monopoly. Two advantages – An ocean route into the heart of the continent and a huge, new supply of furs.

The HBC granted a fur trade monopoly in 1670. Page 18 of your package The HBC granted a fur trade monopoly in 1670. Rupert’s land was the name of the territory – the land which had water that emptied into the Hudson Bay.

Page 18 of your package Control of the area was important to the British because Hudson Bay provided access to the heart of the continent. At first, the First Nations people were interested in trading with the English. Since the English stayed at their forts on Hudson Bay and waited for the First Nations hunters and trappers to bring the furs to them, they were not taking over territories in the interior.

Page 19 of your package The HBC’s only desire, since they were the only ones who could trade in the area, was to develop trade in furs.

5. Differences between French and English fur trade

French couriers de bois went out into the wilderness to trade. Page 20 of your package British operated the trade from the forts. They had the First Nations come to the forts to trade. French couriers de bois went out into the wilderness to trade.

6. Explorations along the Pacific coast of North America

British Explorers George Vancouver James Cook Page 71 of your textbook and your foldable George Vancouver Vancouver failed to find the route to the Northwest Passage He drew the first accurate map of the shoreline of present-day British Columbia James Cook Cook failed to find the route to the Northwest Passage He discovered the value of sea otter furs – soft gold

7. The 13 colonies and how they differed from the French colony

Page 10 of your package Categories to Compare France England Type of government in the home country: Monarchy Main religion: Catholic (Christian) Protestant (Christian) Locations of colonies in NA (see page 35 if you forget): St. Laurence River area Central United States and Great Lakes area 13 Colonies (eastern coastline of the Atlantic Ocean) Hudson’s Bay area Language: French English Alliances with First Nations tribes: Wendat Haudenosaunee Explorers: Cartier, Champlain, Radisson, des Groseilliers, Joliet, Marquette, La Salle Cabot, Kelsey, Henday, Hearne, Cook, Vancouver

Things to study for Part D The Mercantile System’s Advantages and Disadvantages

To English Colonies in North America Mercantile System Chart on page 7 of your package To England TO BE SOLD FOR PROFIT (GOLD AND SILVER) To English Colonies in North America TO BE SOLD TO COLONISTS FOR INFLATED PRICES

Page 8 of your package

Page 9 of your package The Mercantile System Home Country Colonists First Nations Benefits -make more money back from the colonies than they have to put in -get gold and silver -get power (esp. military) -get prestige -not being controlled as much as they were in England -freedom of religion -more space, both in cities and in the countryside -participate in the fur trade -could get fine goods from the traders (cloth, pots, guns) Negatives -colony was expensive to support -more land they had to defend from other countries -high taxes -still under Britain’s control (not independent) -high prices -land was being taken away from them -tribes were made extinct (Beothuk)

The Growth Rates of the French and British Colonies

There were five main reasons the 13 colonies grew and prospered while New France did not. Different Goals: While France didn’t spend a lot of money and effort on New France, they were only interested in natural resources, Britain spent a lot of money to develop large populations, and great military and economic power. The Climate: The climate of the 13 colonies allowed for more farming and a comfortable lifestyle. France wasn’t bothered by the fact that the climate of New France was not as good for farming, but was a good source for furs. Page 13 and 14 of your package

Employment: Many more people found work and a good life in the 13 colonies because many different types of industries were developed. New France was mainly devoted to the fur trade, so jobs in other industries weren’t available. Religion: While New France encouraged only the French Catholics to move to New France, while the 13 colonies were populated by people of many different religions. Trade: The 13 colonies were at first allowed to trade with countries all around the world and there were no monopolies allowed. New France could trade only with France and monopolies were allowed.

Part A: Vocabulary Review Crossword