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Volume 22, Issue 1, Pages 39-48 (March 2015) Interplay of glia activation and oxidative stress formation in fluoride and aluminium exposure Ibukun Dorcas Akinrinade, Adejoke Elizabeth Memudu, Olalekan Michael Ogundele, Olanrewaju Ibrahim Ajetunmobi Pathophysiology Volume 22, Issue 1, Pages 39-48 (March 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2014.12.001 Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Activities of oxidative stress biomarkers- MDA and SOD in the blood and brain of rats given fluoride and aluminium. (1) MDA level was measured as a lipid peroxidation product in the blood (a) and brain (b) tissues. (2) SOD level was measured in the blood (a) and brain (b) tissues. Analysis done by one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher LSD posthoc analysis, data represents mean values±SEM, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 significant difference compared to control, #p<0.05, ##p<0.01, ###p<0.001 significant difference compared to the LN group. Pathophysiology 2015 22, 39-48DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2014.12.001) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Astroglial activation in the prefrontal cortex after treatment with fluoride and aluminium and immunostaining with anti-GFAP. (a) Cell count for GFAP positive cells. (b) Percentage of GFAP immunoreactivity. p values determined by Fisher LSD test, *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 significant compared to control group. (c) Representative images (400×) of GFAP immunoreactivity (red spots) in treatment groups and control group (c). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Pathophysiology 2015 22, 39-48DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2014.12.001) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Effect of fluoride and aluminium on CD68 immunoreactivity to detect microglial activity. (a) Cell count for CD68 positive cells (b) Percentage of CD68 immunoreactivity. Bars are expressed as mean±SEM, p values determined by Fisher LSD test, *p<0.05 significant compared to control group and #p<0.05 and ##p<0.01 significant compared to LN group. (c) Representative images (400×) of anti-CD68 staining (red spots) of treatment groups and control group (c). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Pathophysiology 2015 22, 39-48DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2014.12.001) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 B cells infiltration upon intake of fluoride and aluminium (a) cell count of anti-CD20 positive cells, highest in the high dose groups HN, HA, and HM (b) Percentage of CD20 immunoreactivity highest in HA and HM *(p<0.05) compared to control group and maximum CD20 immunoreactivity in all high dose groups #(p<0.05) compared to LN group. (c) Representative images (400×) B cell infiltration (red spots). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Pathophysiology 2015 22, 39-48DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2014.12.001) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions