Biology Notes Nutrient & Energy Cycles Part 1 Pages 63-73

Standards ____ Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers. Explain the pathway of energy transfer through trophic levels and the reduction of available energy at successive trophic levels. ____ Differentiate among the various forms of energy and recognize that they can be transformed from one form to another. 2.1 2.2

Essential Question 1. How does the movement of matter and energy through biological systems impact you?

I. The Biosphere Biosphere = the portion of Earth that supports _____ The biosphere extends from ____ km above Earth’s surface to _____ km below the surface of the ocean life 8 11

Biotic factors = the living parts of the ___________ e.g. Abiotic factors = the non-living parts of the ___________ biosphere animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, etc. biosphere rocks, sunlight, water, sand, air, temperature

II. The Laws of Energy In The Biosphere First Law of Thermodynamics = the internal ________ of a system is equal to the amount added by heating minus the amount lost by doing ______ on the environment Basically, energy is __________ (law of conservation of energy) entropy work conserved

Second Law of Thermodynamics = the ________ of an isolated system which is not in ___________ will tend to increase over time So, some energy is converted to _____ in biological processes and is not recycled as _______ energy in the environment entropy equilibrium heat usable

energy is replenished everyday by the ____ once radiant energy reaches Earth’s atmosphere, energy is converted to a _______ form e.g. once used, the energy is released as _____ which can get trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere heat is not a _______ form of energy sun usable food (chemical potential energy) heat usable

III. The Flow Of Energy Within The Biosphere A. Where The Energy Enters Autotroph / Producers = organisms that use energy from the _____ to make their own _____ e.g. sun food plants, trees, flowers, etc.

through the process of ________________ Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → 6O2 + C6H12O6 photosynthesis

B. Where Energy Moves Heterotrophs / Consumers = organisms that depend on ___________ for food and energy they cannot perform ________________ autotrophs photosynthesis

1. Herbivore = a consumer that feeds only on _______ e.g. 2. Carnivore = a consumer that feeds only on other _________ plants horses, sheep, cows, rabbits, squirrels animals spider, tiger, lion, T-rex

3. Omnivore = a consumer that eats both ______ and animals e.g. 4. Detritivore = a consumer that eats only dead plant or ________ sometimes called a ___________ plants humans, bears, coyote, raccoons animals scavenger vulture, hyena, crow, buzzard

5. Decomposer = a consumer that breaks down ________ matter and recycles it back into the Earth’s ___________ e.g. nutrient biosphere bacteria, fungi, ants, worms

C. Models Of Energy Flow 1. Food Chains = a series of steps in which organisms transfer ________ by eating and being eaten arrows represent the _________ in which the energy is transferred e.g. energy direction

2. Food Web = a model of an ecosystem that expresses ____ possible feeding relationships shows all the food _______ put together e.g. all chains

3. Ecological Pyramid = a diagram that shows the relative amounts of ________ or matter contained in each trophic level of a food _______ or food web trophic level = a single _____ in a food chain or food web Why are there no more than 5 trophic levels in a food chain or food web? energy chain step the amount of available energy to the 5th link is too small

the base of a pyramid is always ___________ as the pyramid gets closer to the top, the amount of available energy ___________ 10% rule = only about _____ percent of energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next ________ level autotrophs decreases 10 trophic

Energy Pyramid Diagram:

biomass = the total amount of living tissue within a given ________ level e.g trophic see page 72

Pyramids of numbers can look different than pyramids of biomass. Why? small numbers can have large masses