Summary of Case Studies Designed to Determine the Influence of Multiple Stressors on Benthic Communities in Urban California Streams Lenwood W. Hall, Jr.

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Summary of Case Studies Designed to Determine the Influence of Multiple Stressors on Benthic Communities in Urban California Streams Lenwood W. Hall, Jr. Ronald D. Anderson William D. Killen University of Maryland Wye Research and Education Center Queenstown, Maryland And Raymond W. Alden III Northern Illinois University

Background Pyrethroids are insecticides used in urban areas for structural pest control, landscape maintenance and residential home and garden use Pyrethroids have been reported by UC Berkeley investigators to potentially contribute to sediment toxicity in urban CA streams such Pleasant Grove Cr., Kirker Cr., Arcade Cr. and Salinas Streams based on laboratory toxicity tests with Hyalella Pyrethroids are not the only possible stressor in urban streams because impaired habitat, metals and other contaminants may also be stressors

Objectives Characterize benthic communities and physical habitat annually in Pleasant Grove Cr. (2006-2008), Kirker Cr. (2006-2007), Arcade Cr. (2009-2011) and Salinas streams (2009-2011) Concurrently measure water quality, sediment parameters, pyrethroids, and metals Assess the relationship between benthic metrics and the various stressors based on multiple years of data

California Study Areas

Kirker Cr. Pleasant Grove Cr. Arcade Cr. Salinas Streams

Methods Temperature, pH, salinity, specific conductivity, DO and turbidity were measured at each site Grain size (Plumb, 1981) and TOC (USEPA, 2004) were measured at each site Sediment composited from 3 to 5 deposition areas (top 2-3 cm) were used for chemical and texture analysis 75 m reach based on bioassessment protocols was the defined sample site

Physical Habitat Metrics (Harrington and Born, 2000) Epifaunal Substrate/Available Cover Embeddedness Velocity/Depth/Diversity Sediment Deposition Channel Flow Status Channel Alteration Frequency of Riffles/Bends Bank Stability Vegetative Protection Riparian Vegetative Zone Width

Epifaunal Substrate/Available Cover Embeddedness

Benthic Macroinvertebrate (BMI) Sampling

Methods - Continued The following pyrethroids were measured : Bifenthrin Cypermethrin Cyfluthrin Deltamethrin Esfenvalerate Fenpropathrin Lambda – cyhalothrin Permethrin

Methods - Continued The following bulk metals were measured using EPA method 6020m: As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn. Hg was measured using EPA method 245.7 SEM was conducted on all metals except As AVS was also evaluated to develop SEM/AVS ratios (ratios > 1 are bioavailable and may be toxic)

Total Metals Sediment Threshold Effect Levels (TELs) TEL (ug/g) As 5.9 Cd 0.596 Cr 37.3 Cu 35.7 Pb 35 Hg 0.174 Ni 18 Zn 123

Methods - Continued Univariate and stepwise multiple regression techniques were used to determine relationships between 14 benthic metrics and habitat metrics, pyrethroids, and metals

Mean Total Physical Habitat Scores for Urban CA Streams for 2006-2011 (Maximum Score = 200) Year Mean Score all Sites Pleasant Grove Cr. 2006 89 2007 98 2008 91 Kirker Cr. 85 66 Arcade Cr. 2009 107 2010 105 2011 106 Salinas Streams 46 54 56

Salinas Main Canal at the 2994 m Transect

Salinas Stream Dirty Diaper

Number of BMI Taxa for Urban CA Streams (2006-2011) Year # of Taxa Pleasant Grove Cr. 2006 142 2007 145 2008 153 Kirker Cr. 110 114 Arcade Cr. 2009 101 2010 92 2011 Salinas Streams 76 68 71

Five Most Dominant Benthic Taxa Pleasant Grove Cr. Kirker Cr. Taxon Total % Cyprididae 17.5 Physa sp. 16.9 Micropsectra sp. 10.7 Tubificidae unid. Imm. 10.5 Tubificidae w/hair 6.9 Taxon Total % Tubificidae unid. Immature 11.3 Micropsectra sp. 7.5 Physa sp. 7.4 Paratanytarsus sp. 6.6 Hyalella sp. 5.9

Five Dominant BMI Taxa Collected in Pleasant Grove Creek (2006-2008) Unid. immature Tubificidae 11.3% Micropsectra sp. 7.5% Physa sp. 7.4% Paratanytarsus sp. 6.6% Hyalella sp. 5.9%

Five Most Dominant Benthic Taxa Arcade Cr. Salinas Cr. Taxon Total % Tubificidae unid. Immature 12.6 Nais communis/ variabilis 11.5 Eukiefferiella 9.4 Cricotopus 6 Rheocricotopus sp. 5.6 Taxon Total % Tubificidae unid. Immature 20.4 Nais communis/ variabilis 9.8 Pisidium 8.8 Dugesia tigrina Physa 6.8

Total # TEL Exceedances Total Number of Metal TEL Exceedances for Urban CA Streams (2006-2011; two metals with highest #s) Stream Year Total # TEL Exceedances Pleasant Grove Cr. 2006 20 (Zn,Cu) 2007 16 (Zn,Cu) 2008 23(Zn,Cu) Kirker Cr. 36(As,Ni) 34(As,Ni) Arcade Cr. 2009 22(Ni,Cr) 2010 32(Ni,Cr) 2011 20(Ni,Cr) Salinas Streams 54(Ni,As) 40(Ni,As) 31(Ni,As)

Total Pyrethroid TUs based on Hyalella for Urban CA Streams (2006-2011) Year % Sites TUs > 1 Range of TUs Pleasant Gr. Cr. 2006 43 0.08 - 15.3 2007 48 0.07 - 24.3 2008 62 0.16 - 6.1 Kirker Cr. 36 0.04 - 2.7 57 0.05 - 5.5 Arcade Cr. 2009 18 0.01 - 3.1 2010 45 0.28 - 6.6 2011 55 0.21 - 14.5 Salinas Streams 85 0.40 - 61.9 100 1.9 - 10.9 4.0 - 28.3

Significant Variables Results of stepwise multiple linear regression models of benthic metrics versus TUs for pyrethroids, habitat metrics and metals to TEL ratios for Pleasant Grove Cr. 2006, 2007, and 2008. Benthic Metrics Significant Variables Taxonomic Richness + % Gravel, + Pb to TEL, - Cd to TEL % Dominant Taxa -Pb to TEL, +Cd to TEL Ephemeroptera Taxa + Vel/depth, + Riparian buffer EPT Taxa +Vel/depth EPT Index (%) + Vel/depth Shannon Diversity - Veg Protection Tolerance Value - Vel/depth % Tolerant Taxa - Vel/depth, +Cd to TEL, - Riparian buffer, + As to TEL % Collectors/Filterers % Collectors/Gatherers % Grazers +As to TEL % Predators - Channel alteration

Significant Variables Results of stepwise multiple linear regression models of benthic metrics versus TUs for pyrethroids, habitat metrics and metals to TEL ratios for Kirker Cr. in 2006 and 2007. Benthic Metrics Significant Variables Taxonomic Richness + Freq Riffles/Bends, - Veg Protection Ephemeroptera Taxa + Cr to TEL Tolerance Value + Cypermethrin % Tolerant Taxa - Freq riffles/bends % Collectors/Filterers - % Fines % Predators +Cr to TEL % Shredders - Sediment deposition, - Ni to TEL Adundance (#/sample) - Pb to TEL, - % Canopy cover

Significant Variables % Collectors/Gatherers Results of stepwise multiple linear regression models of benthic metrics versus TUs for pyrethroids, habitat metrics and metals to TEL ratios for Arcade Creek in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Benthic Metrics Significant Variables Taxonomic Richness - Total Pyrethroid TUs % Dominant Taxa + Total Pyrethroid TUs Ephemeroptera Taxa +Freq Riffles/Bends EPT Taxa +Embeddedness EPT Index (%) + Embeddedness Shannon Diversity - Zn to TEL Tolerance Value + Hg to TEL % Tolerant Taxa % Collectors/Gatherers - Embeddedness % Grazers - Riparian veg zone % Predators + Pb to TEL

Significant Variables % Collectors/Gatherers Results of stepwise multiple linear regression models of benthic metrics versus TUs for pyrethroids, habitat metrics and metals to TEL ratios for Salinas Streams in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Benthic Metrics Significant Variables % Collectors/Gatherers - Sediment Deposition % Grazers + Sediment Deposition

Conclusions Tolerant benthic taxa were dominant in all 4 CA streams but degraded communities were more apparent in Salinas streams Habitat conditions were poor in all 4 CA streams but extremely poor in the Salinas streams Potentially toxic concentrations of metals were frequently reported in all 4 CA streams Sum of pyrethroid TUs based on using Hyalella suggested toxicity in 18 to 100% of the sites by year for the 4 streams

Conclusions Analysis of the 3 year data sets for Pleasant Grove Cr. showed significant relationships with benthic metrics and both habitat metrics and metals but not pyrethroids. Analysis of the 2 year data sets for Kirker Cr. showed that habitat and metals have stronger statistical relationships with benthic metrics than pyrethroids

Conclusions Analysis of the 3 year data sets for Arcade Cr. showed more significant relationships with benthic metrics and habitat metrics than with metals or pyrethroids Analysis of the 3 year data sets for Salinas streams showed that habitat and not metals or pyrethroids was the only stressor to show a significant relationship with benthic metrics

Stream Years & # of samples Habitat Metals Pyrethroids Summary of Bioassessment Multiple Stressor Case Studies Showing Number of Significant Habitat, Metals and Pyrethroid Relationships to BMI Metrics Stream Years & # of samples Habitat Metals Pyrethroids Pleasant Gr. Cr. 2006-2008 (n = 63) 12 7 Kirker Cr. 2006-2007 (n = 28) 6 4 1 Arcade Cr. 2009-2011 ( n = 33) 5 3 Salinas Streams (n = 39) 2 All streams 2006-2011 (n = 163) 25 15