Animal Kingdom Flowchart A. Foksinska

Porifera Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Rotifera Nematoda Level of Organization Kingdom Symmetry Coelom Phylum Protozoa (only cellular level) Porifera Cnidaria Radial Ctenophora Animalia Acoelomates Platyhelminthes Rotifera Eumetazoa (true tissues/organs) Pseudocoelomates Nematoda Nemertea Tardigrada Mollusca Arthropoda Annelida Bilateral Onyncophora Coelomates Brachiopoda Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata

Porifera Collar cells/Choanocytes: have a flagella that drives water past the cell, particles become trapped & get digested inside cells Amoebocytes: cells that wander the mesohyl (jellylike layer between epidermal cells & choanocytes); takes food from choanocytes and distributes it; may also get rid of wastes; can store food Reproduce sexually or asexually by budding Larvae is ciliated (sponges are sessile, but not in all parts of their life cycle!)

Cnidaria Nerve nets - noncentralized arrangement of neurons Digestion is extracellular (in gastrovascular cavity) then is taken into the cells (phagocytosis) Presence of cnidocytes (specialized cells unique to phylum) that contain a whip-like stinging barb called a nematocyst Some may alternate between polyp (sessile stage) and medusa (free swimming) forms (both DIPLOID)

Ctenophora Common name = comb jellies Largest animal to use cilia for locomotion

Short Break…. Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes

Platyhelminthes flatworms branched gastrovascular cavity Digestion is both extracellular & intracellular No circulatory or respiratory system Excretion is via flame cells in protonephridia Nerve cords with ganglia Acoelomate

Rotifera Cell constant animals (all members of the same species have the same number of cells) Stop mitosis after development Grinding organ called a mastax (used to grind food) Can have parthenogenesis (eggs develop without being fertilized by sperm) present (aka virgin birth) Prefer asexual reproduction, but can do sexual reproduction in hard times

Nematoda Round worms Longitudinal muscles only Some free-living; some parasitic Hydrostatic skeleton Includes Trichinella, (obtained from undercooked pork; larva encyst in muscle) Also includes hookworms, pin worms, & filaria worms (cause of elephantiasis)

Nemertea, Tardigrada Nemertea Proboscis/ribbon worms Differs from flatworms in 2 major ways: 1. One-way digestive system 2. Simple circulatory system Tardigrada Water bears Can live in a state of suspended animation under harsh conditions

Mollusca 5 CHARACTERISTICS COMMON TO MOST MOLLUSKS: 1. Mantle - a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass 2. Calcium carbonate shell - present in some; may be reduced or absent in others 3. Visceral mass - a mass containing most of the internal organs 4. Radula – a conveyer belt of teeth, used to scrape up food 5. Muscular foot - usually used for movement 2nd largest of animal phyla (only Arthropoda has more) Most have separate sexes; some are hermaphrodites (e.g. some snails) Open circulatory system (most; EXCEPT CEPHALOPODS)

Mollusca Con’t CLASS POLYPLACOPHORA CLASS GASTROPODA CLASS BIVALVIA chitons Shell segmented, animal is not! CLASS GASTROPODA Includes snails, whelks, slugs, & nudibranchs (sea slugs) Mantle is highly vascularized for respiration in terrestrial forms Torsion (180° twist in organs during development) can be seen CLASS BIVALVIA Includes clams, oysters, scallops, & mussels No radula; filter feeders CLASS SCAPHOPODA Toothshells CLASS CEPHALOPODA Includes octopus, squid, chambered nautilus, cuttlefish Foot is modified into a siphon, parts of tentacles & head Only mollusk with a closed circulatory system Complex behavior; capable of learning

Annelida Segmented worms Each segment contain a distinct organ Has both circular & longitudinal muscles Has a closed circulatory system; blood contains hemoglobin Has a hydrostatic skeleton