Unit VII: Cities and Urban Land Use

A. Basic Question: Why Cities? Cities exist for many reasons: Collective need for defense Sacred site Humans are social animals The most compelling modern reason? ECONOMICS

B. Markets and Cities Market is nothing but Buyers Sellers These two parties negotiate a price and buy/sell Cities provide the physical space for the transaction to occur

C. Definitions City – a conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics. Urban: The buildup of the central city and the suburban realm – the city and the surrounding environments connected to the city.

D. 1st Urban Revolution Two components enable the formation of cities: 1. an agricultural surplus 2. social stratification (a leadership class; upper and middle classes)

Five Hearths of Urbanization In each of these hearths, an agricultural surplus and social stratification created the conditions necessary for cities to form and be maintained.

E. Indus River Valley Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were two of the first cities of the Indus River Valley. intricately planned houses equal in size no palaces no monuments

F. Huang He and Wei River Valleys The Chinese purposefully planned their cities. centered on a vertical structure inner wall built around center temples and palaces for the leadership class Terracotta Warriors guarding the tomb of the Chinese Emperor Qin

G. Mesoamerica Mayan and Aztec Civilizations Many ancient cities were theocratic centers where rulers were deemed to have divine authority and were god-kings.

Mesoamerica Between 300 and 900 CE, Altun Ha, Belize served as a thriving trade and distribution center for the Caribbean merchant canoe traffic.

H. Diffusion of Urbanization The Greek Cities - by 500 BCE, Greeks were highly urbanized. Network of more than 500 cities and towns On the mainland and on islands Each city had an acropolis and an agora

Athens, Greece the agora the acropolis

H. Diffusion of Urbanization The Roman Cities - a system of cities and small towns, linked together with hundreds of miles of roads and sea routes. Rome was the first city in the world with a million people Cities with the Roman influence also had streets in a grid like pattern With an identifiable center “All roads lead to Rome”

Roman Empire

The Roman Forum Aqueducts in Nimes, France

H. Diffusion of Urbanization Pre-industrial Europe The new city was centered around a marketplace Focus of activity on ports and waterways Venice became an extremely influential city Population separated based on occupations (guilds) or identity

During the mercantile era, the cities that thrived were embellished by wealthy merchant families, who built ornate mansions, patronized the arts, participated in city governments, and supported the reconstruction of city centers. Genoa, Italy