LAN 405 Beginning Hebrew II *Photo from https://www.flickr.com/photos/58558794@N07/7628799526/in/photostream/ Class XIV: Hithpael – Strong & Weak Verbs (chs. 34-35) Dr. Esa Autero

Hithpael Stem – Strong & Weak Verbs 1.1 Introduction to Hithpael stem Hithpael stem – easiest of the derived stems Hithpael stem occurs 842x in Hb.* In pf. 137x & impf. 420x Imp. 64x & inf. cst. 93x; inf. abs. 3x 123x in participle Hithpael diagnostics Distinct prefix (often הִתְ or a derivative) Pathach under the first root consonant Daghesh Forte in the second root consonant (like Piel, Pual, Hithpael) *Patico & van Pelt, 368. Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/

Hithpael Stem – Strong & Weak Verbs 2.1 The meaning of Hithpael stem 1) Intensive action in reflexive voice Expresses intensive action with a reflexive voice  Reflexive used when the subject performs the verbal action on itself קָדַשׁ “He was holy” (Qal) התְקַדֵּשׁ “he sanctified himself” (Hithpael) In translation, the verbal subject and reflective pronoun must agree in gender and number

Hithpael Stem – Strong & Weak Verbs 2) Reciprocal action Expression the notion of reciprocity – “they looked at each other” הִתְרָאוּ “they looked at each other” (Hipth. pf. 3cp from רָאָה) הִתְקַשְּׁרוּ “they conspired with each other” (from קָשַׁר) 3) Iterative Action The motion of repeated action – “he walked back and forth” הִתְהַלֵּךְ “he walked back and forth” (from הָלַךְ) 4) Hithpael as Qal simple action הִתְפַּלֵּל “he prayed” (פָּלַל)

Hithpael Stem – Strong & Weak Verbs Qal Hithpael Translation 3ms קָטַל הִתְקַטֵּל He killed himself 3fs קָֽטְלָה הִתְקַטְּלָה She killed herself 2ms קָטַלְתָּ הִתְקַטַּלְתָּ You killed yourself 2fs קָטַלְתְּ הִתְקַטַּלְתְּ 1cs קָטַלְתִּי הִתְקַטַּלְתִּי I killed myself 3cp קָֽטְלוּ הִתְקַטְּלוּ They killed themselves 2mp קְטַלְתֶּם הִתְקַטַּלְתֶּם You killed yourselves 2fp קְטַלְתֶּן הִתְקַטַּלְתֶּן 1cp קָטַלְנוּ הִתְקַטַּלְנוּ We killed ourselves Hithpael perfect הִתְ prefix every form Pathach under 1st root Consonant Daghesh Forte on 2nd root consonant Hithpael pf. הִתְקַטֵּל

Hithpael Stem – Strong & Weak Verbs Qal Hithpael Translation 3ms יִקְטֹל יִתְקַטֵּל He’ll kill himself 3fs תִּקְטֹל תִּתְקַטֵּל She’ll kill herself 2ms תִּקְטֹל You’ll kill yourself 2fs תִּקְטְלִי תִּתְקַטְּלִי 1cs אֶקְטֹל אֶתְקַטֵּל I’ll kill myself 3mp יִקְטְלוּ יִתְקַטְּלוּ They’ll kill themselves 3fp תִּקְטֹלנָה תִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה 2mp תִּקְטְלוּ תִּתְקַטְּלוּ You’ll kill yourselves 2fp 1cp נִקְטֹל נִתְקַטֵּל We’ll killed ourselves Hithpael imperfect Preformatives יִתְ נִתְ, אֶתְ, תִּתְ Pathach under 1st root Consonant Daghesh Forte on 2nd root consonant Hithpael impf. יִתְקַטֵּל

Hithpael Stem – Strong & Weak Verbs Hithpael imperative Diagnostics indentical for imp., inf. & part. Spelling identical for each – use context as clue Inf. cst. & abs identical Qal Hithpael Translation 2ms קְטֹל הִתְקַטֵּל Kill yourself! 2fs קִטְלִי הִתְקַטְּלִי 2mp קִטְלוּ הִתְקַטְּלוּ Kill yourselves! 2fp קְטֹלְנָה הִתְקַטֵּלְנָה

Hithpael Stem – Strong & Weak Verbs Qal Hiphpael ms קֹטֵל מִתְקַטֵּל fs קֹטֶלֶת מִתְקַטֶּלֶת mp קֹטְלִים מִתְקַטְּלִים fp קֹטְלוֹת מִתְקַטְּלוֹת Hithpael participle מִתְ prefix in every form Pathach under 1st consonant Daghesh Forte in 2nd consonant Hophal pts. מִתְקַטֵּל Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/

Hithpael Stem – Strong & Weak Verbs Metathesis Metathesis = transposition of two contigious consonants for smooth pronunciation When ת of Hith. prefix/preformative precede verbal root beginning with צ, שׁ, שׂ, ס  Two consonants switch places Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/ סָתַר He hid הִסְתַּתֵּר He hid himself שָׂכַר He hired הִשְׂתַּכֵּר He hired himself צָדֵק He is just הִצְטַדֵּק He justified himself

Hithpael Stem – Strong & Weak Verbs Assimilation of ת When the first consonant of a verbal root is ט, ד, ז or ת, the ת of the Hithp. prefix/preformative will assimilate into the first consonant of the verbal root and remain as Daghesh Forte. דָּבַר He spoke הִדַּבֵּר He spoke with טָמֵא He was unclean הִטַּמֵּא He became unclean Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/

Hithpael Stem – Strong & Weak Verbs Practice Workbook p. 267, no: 1-10 Homework See slide no: 18 *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/

Hithpael Stem – Strong & Weak Verbs 3.1 Hithpael Stem – Weak Verbs Most weak verbs follow standard diagnostics (minor changes) Some changes in Geminate III-ה II-Guttural  Only II-Guttural verbs have significant changes

Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs Perfect Imperfect Imperative Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle הִתְפַּלֵּל יִתְפַּלֵּל מִתְפַּלֵּל הִתְפַּלְלָה תִּתְפַּלֵּל הִתְפַּלְלִי מִתְפַּלֶּלֶת הִתְפַּלַּלְתָּ הִתְפַּלְלוּ מִתְפַּלְלִים הִתְפַּלַּלְתְּ תִּתְפַּלְלִי הִתְפַּלֵּלְנָה מִתְפַּלְלוֹת הִתְפַּלַּלְתִּי אֶתְפַּלֵּל יִתְפַּלְלוּ Retains largely Hithpael strong verb diagnostics One exception – Daghesh Forte may be given up when followed by Shewa, like in pf. 3cp All other strong verb diagnostics retained ־ תּתְפַּלֵּלְנָה הִתְפַּלַּלְתֶּם תִּתְפַּלְלוּ הִתְפַּלַּלְתֶּן הִתְפַּלַּלְנוּ נִתְפַּלֵּל Biconson. Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs All Qal verbs = 69%

Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs Perfect Imperfect Imperative Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle הִתְגַּלָּה יִתְגַּלֶּה הִתְגַּלּוֹת ־ מִתְגַּלֶּה הִתְגַּלְּתָה תִּתְגַּלֶּה הִתְגַּלִּי מִתְגַּלָּה הִתְגַּלִּיתָ הִתְגַּלּוּ מִתְגַּלִּים הִתְגַּלִּית תִּתְגַּלִּי הִתְגַּלֶּינָה מִתְגַּלּוֹת הִתְגַּלִּיתִי אֶתְגַּלֶּה יִתְגַּלּוּ All strong verb diagnostics retained Only thing to remember is the standard III-ה changes in the endings תִּתְגַּלֶּינָה הִתְגַּלִּיתֶם תִּתְגַּלּוּ הִתְגַּלִּיתֶן הִתְגַּלִּינוּ נִתְגַּלֶּה III-ה Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs All Qal verbs = 69%

Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs Perfect Imperfect Imp. Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle הִתְנַחֵם יִתְנַחֵם מִתְנַחֵם הִתְנַחֲמָה תִּתְנַחֵם הִתְנַחֲמִי מִתְנַחֶמֶת הִתְנַחַמְתָּ הִתְנַחֲמוּ מִתְנַחֲמִים הִתְנַחַמְתְּ תִּתְנַחֲמִי הִתְנַחַמְנָה מִתְנַחֲמוֹת הִתְנַחַמְתִּי אֶתְנַחֵם יִתְנַחֲמוּ Standard diagnostics except that Daghesh Forte is missing in the second root consonant Guttural consonant in the 2nd root position rejects the Daghesh Forte  Virtual doubling ־ תִּתְנַחַמְנָה הִתְנַחַמְתֶּם תִּתְנַחֲמוּ הִתְנַחַמְתֶּן הִתְנַחַמְנוּ נִתְנַחֵם II-Gutt. Virtual doubling Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs All Qal verbs = 69%

Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs Perfect Imperfect Imp. Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle הִתְבָּרֵךְ יִתְבָּרֵךְ מִתְבָּרֵךְ הִתְבָּֽרְכָה תִּתְבָּרֵךְ הִתְבָּֽרְכִי מִתְבָּרֶכֶת הִתְבָּרַכְתָּ הִתְבָּֽרְכוּ מִתְבָּֽרְכִים הִתְבָּרַכְתְּ תִּתְבָּֽרְכִי הִתְבָּרֵכְנָה מִתְבָּֽרְכוֹת הִתְבָּרַכְתִּי אֶתְבָּרֵךְ יִתְבָּֽרְכוּ Compensatory lengthening for II-Guttural ( ר ) paradigm Only specific prefixes & preformatives of the strong paradigm remain The resh in the 2nd root position rejects the Daghesh Forte of Hithpael – therefore the preceding Pathach undergoes compensatory lengthening  Distinct preformatives and prefixes should make indentification easy. ־ תִּתְבָּרֵכְנָה הִתְבָּרַכְתֶּם תִּתְבָּֽרְכוּ הִתְבָּרַכְתֶּן הִתְבָּרַכְנוּ נִתְבָּרֵךְ II-Gutt. Compensatory lengthening Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs All Qal verbs = 69%

Hithpael Stem – Strong & Weak Verbs Hithpael Summary Diagnostics Pf. Impf. Imp. Inf.cst. Inf.abs. Part. Strg. verb הִתְקַטֵּל יִהְקַטֵּל מִתְקַטֵּל Gem. הִתְפַּלֵּל יִתְפַּלֵּל מִתְפַּלֵּל III-ה הִתְגַּלָּה יִתְגַּלֶּה הִתְגַּלֵּה הִתְגַּלּוֹת ־ מִתְגַּלֶּה II-Gutt. הִתְנַחֵם יִתְנַחֵם מִתְנַחֵם הִתְבָּרֵךְ יִתְבָּרֵךְ מִתְבָּרֵךְ

Hithpael Stem – Strong & Weak Verbs Practice Workbook p. 273, no: 1-10 Homework p. 269, no: 1-2 & p. 275, no: 1-2 FINAL EXAM next week: Chs. 28-35 Pual to hithpael *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/