Outcome: Modern Africa The Story of Africa Outcome: Modern Africa

Modern Africa Setting the Stage: European colonization has left quite a mess on the African continent making it difficult for various different ethnic groups to coincide peacefully Segregation, AIDS, power, and genocide have ripped Africa apart in recent years

South Africa

Modern Africa Apartheid in South Africa A system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government of South Africa between 1948 and 1993 Rights of the majority ‘non-white’ inhabitants were curtailed Minority rule by whites was maintained Legislation classified inhabitants into racial groups (black, white, coloured, and India) Residential areas were segregated, sometimes by forced removals

Some say 3.5 million were removed between the 1960s and 1980s The National Party passed a string of legislation known as petty apartheid Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 55 of 1949 The Immorality Amendment Act 21 of 1950 forbade “unlawful racial intercourse” Blacks were not allowed to run businesses or professional practices in “white South Africa” without a permit

Apartheid

Nelson Mandela

Modern Africa The ANC won 62% of the vote in the 1994 election African National Congress (ANC) member Nelson Mandela, who had been jailed for 27 years, was released on February 11, 1990 The ANC won 62% of the vote in the 1994 election Mandela often spoke out against apartheid Mandela won the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize Served as president of South Africa from 1994-1999

Somalia

Somalia “Black Hawk Down” 1993 In 1991, Somalia’s president was overthrown leading to warring factions fighting for power which left thousands dead and starving. Operation Gothic Serpent: US Task Force Rangers, under command of Major William Garrison, aimed to capture leaders of warlord Farrah Aidid’s clan outside of Mogadishu, Somalia on October 3-4, 1993 Two US Black Hawk helicopters were shot down, leading to an urban firefight throughout the night Estimates say upwards of 1,000 Somali militiamen were killed to US’s 18

Rwanda

Modern Africa Rwanda Genocide Controlled by Belgium from 1919 to 1962 Most of Rwanda’s population belong to Hutu or Tutsi ethnic groups For 600 years the two shared business of farming and language/culture Hutus naturally outnumbered Tutsis When the Belgians arrived, they favored the Tutsis as more aristocratic in appearance and drove a political wedge between the two ethnic groups

Modern Africa Rwanda Genocide (Continued) Europeans also brought new weapons and Christianity, which taught the Hutu to see themselves as oppressed; in 1956 the Hutu rebellion began April 6, 1994 the plane carrying Rwanda’s president was shot down and was the trigger needed for the Hutus planned ‘Final Solution’ and started the genocide Hutus killed Tutsis with mostly machetes and clubs killing as many as 800,000

Machetes

Darfur

Modern Africa Darfur Located in western Sudan and formerly controlled by Egypt and the UK Civilians have been killed, tortured, raped, displaced, & homes burnt Since 2003, 300,000 men, women, and children have died and 2.6 million have been displaced from their homes and live in refugee camps The government of Sudan and the Janjawid or Janjaweed are responsible

Janjawid: term used to describe mostly armed gunmen in Darfur In the past, Janjawid have been at odds with Darfur’s population over natural grazing grounds and farmland as rainfall and water became scarce Humanitarian efforts have been difficult due to the remoteness of the area, attacks by armed assailants on aid workers, and roads being under Janjawid control The UN and Amnesty International are attempting to move in and stop the atrocities today but a peaceful political end has not yet been achieved

Janjaweed

Refugee Camp

Modern Africa AIDS Epidemic Sub-Saharan Africa is more heavily affected by HIV and AIDS than any other region of the world It is estimated that 22.5 million people are living with HIV in the region (2/3rd of global total) In 2009 alone, 1.3 million people in Sub- Saharan Africa died of AIDS and another 1.8 million became infected with HIV AIDS continues to devastate Sub-Saharan Africa, rolling back decades of development progress

Challenges and Effects: Many children are infected at birth: mothers who have HIV have about a 20-45% chance of passing it on to their child during birth without intervention Challenges and Effects: Providing health care Reducing annual toll of HIV infections by enabling individuals to protect themselves Coping with millions of AIDS deaths ---> orphans Reduction of economic productivity and economic growth

Recent Events in Egypt and Libya Modern Africa Recent Events in Egypt and Libya Africans are rebelling against tyrannical leadership and oppression Due to European colonization, Africa is just now trying to catch up to the West

Terrorism [takes] us back to ages we thought were long gone if we allow it a free hand to corrupt democratic societies and destroy the basic rules of international life. Jacques Chirac But for all these problems [a terrorist’s] only solution is the demolition of the whole structure of society. No partial solution, not even the total redressing of the grievance he complains of, will satisfy him-- until our social system is destroyed or delivered into his hands. Benjamin Netanyahu According to the quotes, how have terrorist groups and their movements impacted society in various countries?