Alan Ralston was “motivated” to cut off his arm to escape. The healthy life, said Sigmund Freud, is filled by love and work. Chapter 11: Motivation (Read Motivational concepts: beginning to page 447; and Sexual Motivation: pp 465-478) Please add Eating disorders section (4). Show Video: Dove’s Beauty Campaign Dying to be thin (RC552.E18D94 2000)

Motivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. Our needs push, incentives (positive or negative stimuli) pull us in reducing our drives. What are some human needs? Four perspectives to explain motivation include: Instinct/evolutionary Theory. Drive-Reduction Theory. Arousal Theory. Hierarchy of Motives.

1. Instincts & Evolutionary Psychology Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout species and are unlearnt (Tinbergen, 1951). OBJECTIVE 2| Discuss the similarities and differences between instinct theory and evolutionary perspective. Tony Brandenburg/ Bruce Coleman, Inc. © Ariel Skelley/ Masterfile Where people can build different kinds of houses the bird builds only one kind of nest.

2. Drive-Reduction Theory Physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need OBJECTIVE 3| Explain how drive-reduction theory views human motivation.

Drive Reduction Physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis – maintenance of steady internal state, e.g., maintenance of steady body temperature. Drive Reduction Food Empty Stomach (Food Deprived) Stomach Full Organism

3. Optimum Arousal Human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal. OBJECTIVE 4| Discuss the contribution of arousal theory to the study of motivation. Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin Randy Faris/ Corbis

Optimum Arousal and Flow Flow By Csikszentmihalyi . People who “flow” are driven less by extrinsic rewards and more by intrinsic rewards.

3. Hierarch of Needs “motives” Mario Survivors

Specific Motivations Sexual Motivation Skip: Except what is in the power point, The Need to Belong Hunger: Skip most except section 4: eating disorders Sexual Motivation The Physiology and Psychology of Sex Adolescent Sexuality Sexual Orientation Sex and Human Values

The Need to Belong “[Man] is a social animal,” (Aristotle). Separation from others increases our need to belong. Abraham Maslow (1970) OBJECTIVE 17| Describe the adaptive value of social attachments, and identify both healthy and unhealthy consequences of our need to belong.

Obesity Obesity increases risk and health issues like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes hypertension, arthritis, and back problems. http://www.cyberdiet.com

BMI

The picture of emaciated Isabelle Caro, 27, an anorexic who weighs just 31 kilos (4 stone, 12lb), has been displayed on Milan billboards as the city celebrates its fashion week.

Why doesn’t our culture talk about sex? Sexual Motivation Sexual motivation is nature’s way of making people procreate thus enabling our species’ survival. Why doesn’t our culture talk about sex?

Physiological Response The Physiology of Sex The human sexual response : Phase Physiological Response Excitement Genitals become engorged with blood. Vagina expands & secretes lubricant. Penis enlarges. Plateau Excitement peaks such as breathing, pulse and blood pressure. Orgasm Contractions all over the body. Increase in breathing, pulse & blood pressure. Resolution Engorged genital release blood. Male goes through refractory phase. OBJECTIVE 9| Describe the human sexual response.

Hormones and Sexual Behavior Sex hormones effect the development of sexual characteristics and (especially in animals) activate sexual behavior. Male Testes Testosterone (Small amounts of estrogen) Female Ovaries Adrenals Estrogen (Small amounts of testosterone) Preview Question 7: Do hormones influence human sexual motivation?

Estrogen Testosterone Female animals “in heat” express peak levels of estrogen. Female receptivity may be heightened with estrogen injections. Sex hormones may have milder affects on humans than on animals. Women are more likely to have sex when close to ovulation (increased testosterone) Testosterone Levels of testosterone remain relatively constant in males, so it is difficult to manipulate and activate sexual behavior. Castration, which reduces testosterone levels, lowers sexual interest.

Sex Sex is not a need, if we don’t have sex we don’t die. OBJECTIVE 11| Describe the role of external stimuli and fantasies on sexual motivation and behavior.

Imagination in our brain can influence sexual arousal and desire. Imagined Stimuli Imagination in our brain can influence sexual arousal and desire. People with spinal cord injury, with no genital sensation can still feel sexual desire. Sotographs/The Gamma-Liaison Network/ Getty Images

Contraception Ignorance: Canadian teen girls do not have the right ideas about birth control methods. Guilt Related to Sexual Activity: Guilt reduces sexual activity, but it also reduces the use of contraceptives. Minimal Communication: Many teenagers feel uncomfortable discussing contraceptives. Alcohol Use: Those who use alcohol prior to sex are less likely to use contraceptives. Mass Media: The media’s portrayal of unsafe extramarital sex decreases the use of contraceptives.

Sexually Transmitted Infections Factors that reduce sexual activity in teens. High Intelligence: Teens with higher intelligence are likely to delay sex. Religiosity: Religious teens and adults often reserve sex for a marital commitment. Father Presence: A father’s absence from home can contribute to higher teen sexual activity. Learning Programs: Teens who volunteer and tutor in programs dedicated to reducing teen pregnancy are less likely to engage in unsafe sex.

Origins of Sexual Orientation Homosexuality is more likely to be based on biological factors, than environmental factors. OBJECTIVE 15| Discuss the research on environmental and biological influences on sexual orientation. Cynthia Johnson/ Time magazine Wendell and Cass

Not a true experiment not causal: Couldn’t “make someone gay or not Not a true experiment not causal: Couldn’t “make someone gay or not. What factors could explain this result?

Ask yourself some questions: see page 476 1 Ask yourself some questions: see page 476 1. What percent of gay men have clockwise whorls? 2. Picture on the right: 90% of “men” is this all men or non-gay? 3. 50% of non-right-handed people have counter 4. Homosexuals have greater odds of being non-righthanded

The end!