ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEMS Includes abiotic and biotic factors Biomes are examples Community Includes all the LIVING things Population All of one species in one area Can reproduce with each other

Food CHAINS Energy is “lost” as you mover “up” the food chain Secondary Consumer (bird) Primary Consumer (snail) Producer (grass) Original source of energy for most chains is the sun 1st trophic level is producer 2nd trophic level is primary consumer 2rd trophic level is secondary consumer Decomposer not shown on chain, but they recycle nutrients Energy is “lost” as you mover “up” the food chain

SYMBIOSIS Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism n mutualism, BOTH organisms BENEFIT this is a + / + relationship The picture shows E. coli, a type of bacteria that live in your intestine.  The bacteria get a place to live; we get the vitamin K they make.  This is good for both. Parasitism In parasitism, the PARASITE BENEFITS by getting food and shelter from the HOST This is a + / - relationship In the example shown, the TICK is the parasite and feeds off of the blood of the human HOST.  This is good for the tick, but bad for the human. Commensalism In commensalism, one organism BENEFITS while the other is NOT AFFECTED This is a  +/ 0 relationship The picture above shows orchids living in trees.  This is good for the orchid, because it allows the orchid to get sunlight. It doesn't affect the tree, because the orchid doesn't help or hurt it.

Predation Predator EATS Prey The populations cycle Predator has lower curve There can’t be more predators than prey

Population GROWTH EXPONENTIAL GROWTH LOGISTIC GROWTH J-curve Occurs when unlimited resources are available S-curve Occurs because resources are limited Carrying capacity reached

HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH Overpopulation of humans leads to Destruction of habitats (pollution and/or destroying) Loss of biodiversity Introduced species Outcompete native species

Carbon CYCLE Greenhouse Effect Cycling of carbon and oxygen Three main processes Photosynthesis – plants use carbon dioxide; produce oxygen Respiration – uses oxygen, produces carbon dioxide (both plants and animals) Combustion – burning – releases more carbon dioxide Greenhouse Effect Carbon dioxide traps heat in the atmosphere, making life possible Increased carbon dioxide can make temperatures rise more Human activities can lead to GLOBAL WARMING

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