Sequence of Tenses Result Clauses The Subjunctive Mood Sequence of Tenses Result Clauses

The Subjunctive Mood The subjunctive mood is connected with notions involving idea, intent, desire, uncertainty, potentiality, anticipation, or the like. Think of the subjunctive as the mood of “non fact” or “wishing” The subjunctive has only 4 tenses: present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect

Translating the Subjunctive A subjunctive verb has no one equivalent in English and therefore can only be translated according to the construction in which it occurs.

Present Active Subjunctive of the First Conjugation Begin with the present stem (remove the “-re” from the infinitive to get the present stem) Change the –a- to –e- Add present personal endings (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt)

Present Active Subjunctive 2nd Conjugation Take the present stem Change –e to –ea Add personal endings

Present Active Subjunctive 3rd Conjugation Take the present stem Remove the-e and add –a Add personal endings

Present Subjunctive 4th Conjugation and 3rd -io Take the present stem Remove the –i (e for-io stem) and add –ia Add the personal endings

Mnemonic Devices shE wEArs A gIAnt dIAmond wE bEAt A gIAnt LIAr

Imperfect Active Subjunctive in All Conjugations Take the full present active infinitive Lengthen the final –e Add the present personal endings

Perfect Active Subjunctive for All Conjugations Take the perfect stem (remove –i from the third principal part) Add –eri- Add present tense personal endings

Pluperfect Active Subjunctive of All Conjugations Take the perfect stem Add the tense sign –isse- Add the present personal endings

Present Subjunctive of sum Sim simus Sis sitis sit sint

The Sequence of Tenses MAIN CLAUSE Indicative SUBORDINATE CLAUSE Tense of Subjunctive Time of Action Relative to the Main Clause Primary Sequence Present Future Future Perfect Present= same time or after Perfect= time before Secondary Imperfect Perfect Plurperfect Imperfect= same time or after Pluperfect= time before

Using Sequence of Tenses The sequence of tenses simply shows how to translate the subordinate clause in relation to the main clause.

Primary Sequence Pugno ut nautam superem. I fight in order that I may overcome the sailor. Pugnabo ut nautam superem. I shall fight in order that I may overcome the sailor. Pugnavero ut nautam superem. I shall have fought in order that I may overcome the sailor.

Secondary Sequence Pugnabam ut nautam superarem. I was fighting in order that I might overcome the sailor. Pugnavi ut nautam superarem. I fought in order that I might overcome the sailor. Pugnaveram ut nautam superarem. I had fought in order that I might have overcome the sailor.

Result Clauses Result clauses express the result of an action or a quality They are introduced by ut for the positive They are introduced by ut non (nemo, nihil, numquam, etc.) for the negative Have verbs in the subjunctive

With Adjectives and Adverbs The approach of a result clause is often indicated by the presence of an adjective or adverb of degree in the main clause. Adjectives: Adverbs: tantus, -a, -um ita talis, e tam tot (indeclineable) sic adeo Examples of result clauses may be seen on the previous slide which showed the use of sequence of tenses.