As you walk in, please answer the following questions How does the CBRs and CDRs compare to countries in Stage 2 of the DTM to countries in Stage 4 of the DTM? What are the reasons for the differences between these 2 stages? In the epidemiological transition, what are the reasons for Stage 4 – delayed degenerative diseases How has increased connections led to the introduction of infectious diseases in Stage 5 of the epidemiological transition?

Population Policies What types of population policies exist ? http://www.monochrom.at/english/2008/04/demographic-winter.htm What types of population policies exist ?

Pro-natalist or Expansive

Anti-natalist or Restrictive http://www.greenprophet.com/countries/afghanistan/

Maintenance or Stability http://www.yooj.co.uk/test_page_1.html

2016 36 countries have pro-natalist policies 66 countries have anti-natalist policies 34 countries have maintenance policies

Why would a country want a pro-natalist policy ? http://www.aishbaltimore.com/zz/family/rebbitzen/The_Joys_of_A_Large_Family.asp http://www.imb.org/southern-africa/images/Malagasy_children.jpg

*Why would a country want a pro-natalist policy ? replaces those lost in war and civil unrest build up the military replace retiring folks in the workforce support the increasing number of seniors occupy parts of a country that are virtually empty help develop the resources of a state lead to economic growth increase majority/minority percentages gain more influence internationally

Examples: of Pro-natalist Policies Past and Present http://www.imb.org/southern-africa/images/Malagasy_children.jpg

U.S.S.R. - pro-natalist Starting on July 8, 1944 the government of the U.S.S.R. began awarding medals to women in order to encourage a high fertility rate.

Why did the government believe there was a need for a pro-natalist policy at this time ?

3 main categories of medals were presented Motherhood Medals Order of the Glory of Motherhood or Order of Maternal Glory Order of Mother Heroine

Motherhood Medals 5 children 8,000,000 awarded 2nd Class 1st Class

Order of Maternal Glory 3rd Class 2nd Class 1st Class 7 children - 2,000,000 awarded 8 children - 1,000,000 awarded 9 children - 500,000 awarded

Order Mother Heroine 10 children 200,000 awarded

Germany Cross of Honor of the German Mother 1938 - 1944 http://nobeliefs.com/mementoes.htm 1938 - 1944

Bronze 3rd Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 4, 5 http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-medals/nazi2.htm Bronze 3rd Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 4, 5 Silver 2nd Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 6, 7 Gold 1st Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 8 or more Diamond – 14 or more ?

German Mother’s Cross 14 children ? 17 diamonds http://snyderstreasures.com/pages/motherscross.htm

Former Soviet Union Birthrates in Russia plummeted after 1991 collapse of USSR 1980 TFR 2.04 now 1.34 PM Vladimir Putin called demographic crisis Russia’s greatest current problem Russian government offers cash subsidies of $10,000 to women who give birth to 2nd or 3rd child http://somatosphere.net/2011/12/%E2%80%98population-prescriptions%E2%80%99-pronatalism-and-the-fear-of-underpopulation-in-post-soviet-russia.html A 3rd child means wealth will be tripled in the third millennium.

Russia Government of Ulyanovsk Province – made Sept. 12 – National Conception Day (Procreation day)- offers people afternoon off to participate Planned to award a free car to proud parents of one of the kids born 9 months later on June 12 (Russian National Day) On June 12 – 87 kids born – 4 times the national average

Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia - (Conception Day) http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20268426/ns/world_news-europe/t/russians-offered-day-prizes-procreate/ Grand Prize winners of “Give Birth to a Patriot on Russia’s Independence Day” Contest

Japan Princesses Masako & Aiko

Japan Government Incentives improved parental leave (1 yr. @ 66.7%) local govn’ts (rural) cash bonuses monthly allowance (~ 300/child) New Angel Plan (more available daycare & less working hours) free pre-natal care and deliveries http://factsanddetails.com/japan.php?itemid=600&catid=18 Companies are urged to have family-friendly packages monthly payments (Matsushita) shorter hours (Nippon Telegraph & Telephone) fertility treatments paid for (Canon) $400 (1st) - $40,000 (5th) (Softbank) $1000 – 1st, $2000 – 2nd, $20,300 for 3rd + (Koei Tecmo )

Stop the birth rate decline bra, babies support old people http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/lifestyle/2006-05/11/content_586920_2.htm Stop the birth rate decline bra, babies support old people http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/lifestyle/2006-05/11/content_586920.htm

Singapore – Anti-Natalist, then Pro-Natalist In the 1960s – government campaign to stop at 2 – Women without a degree, deemed low-income and lowly educated, were offered by the government seven days' paid sick leave and cash incentives to voluntarily undergo the sterilization procedure, Disincentives were also given – raise cost of 3rd child, income deductions for only the 1st two children,etc

Social Development Unit 1984(started) 2006(changed) to improve the social networking between busy working individuals organize activities for its members http://healthscreeningpackagessingapore.com/ “The Chemistry Guide: When Boy Meets Girl”, '' focusing on the overworked, the shy, and the "cosmetically challenged." The guide reminds hopeful singles that "Skin-care products are must-have investments" and "There's no bigger turnoff than a foul mouth, reeking with leftovers from lunch!"

Pro-Natalist Policies

Why would a country want an anti-natalist policy ? http://www.upiasia.com/thumbnails/63232c7d88b2a81dfa3c881741f3ac7a.jpg

Why would a country want an anti-natalist policy ? cannot afford to provide for them overpopulation concerns - limited available resources local, national, international SCALE allow more women in the workforce and boost economy repress a group of people separate policy for certain groups or different applications of the policy

China 2 different programs in recent years Later, Longer, Fewer Policy 1971 One Child Policy 1979 - 2015 Maintenance Policy (2) 2015- ?

One Child Policy 1979 - rewards start once 1 child contract is signed free medical care free daycare and schooling guaranteed job for child bonuses for parents extra maternity leave better housing bigger old age pension Penalties must repay financial benefits educational, medical benefits, & guaranteed jobs are withdrawn parents’ wages reduced

Why are improved old age pensions such an important part of the policy ? How did the government persuade its citizens to cooperate ?

80,000 Family Planning Workers source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html Practice birth control for the revolution

source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

Part of Education Program http://www.nisjapan.minidns.net/nis/galleries/5thgradestudentwork/5thGradeChinaProject/07CN.html Part of Education Program

The Science of Family Planning source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

Millions of dollars have been spent on education and on advertsing. http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

Carry out family planning Implement the basic national policy http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html Carry out family planning Implement the basic national policy

Clever and pretty healthy and lovely source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

Do a good job in family planning to promote economic development http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html Do a good job in family planning to promote economic development

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

In the majority of the posters, is the 1 child male or female ? In addition to showing a happy child and parent(s), what other idea is often linked with the single child.

Why do the posters often suggest an association between economic prosperity and happy 1 child families ?

Why do you believe that most posters show a girl rather than a boy ?

Little emperors Any social problems ?

How many missing girls are there in the under 20 categories ?

In recent years China has relaxed the rules, and now have started encouraging two children. In many cases, parents are not taking advantage of this opportunity. Why ?

Iran: - Anti-natalist or pro-natalist ? http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/398959/2/istockphoto_398959_iran.jpg

1967 – first anti-natalist policy 1979 – pro-natalist 1988 – anti-natalist 2006 – pro-natalist ?

1967 start of family planning accelerating economic growth slow rapid growth (2.75%)

1979 start of Islamic Revolution family planning program - western influence promotion of contraception by health officials banned procreation to bolster the ranks of “soldiers for Islam” (8 year war with Iraq) http://www.fnb.to/FNB/Article/Khomeyni/Khomeiny3.jpg Ayatollah Khomeini

Khomeini’s pro-natalist policy resulted in a growth rate of 3.2 % Total fertility rate rose to 7

1988 Khomeini reconsidered his stance due to: faltering economy severe unemployment overcrowded & polluted cities

1988 – 2001 national family planning program was revived encouraged women to wait 3 – 4 years between children discouraged childbearing for those < 18 and > 35 limit family size to 3 children

government controlled media promoted family planning restricted maternity leave after 3 children family planning & mother / infant health care information incorporated into school curriculum government controlled media promoted family planning

all couples take a class on modern contraception before marriage religious leaders supported the govt plan (fatwas permitted & encouraged the use of all types of contraception including male and female sterilization) all couples take a class on modern contraception before marriage govt. sanctioned condom factory

investment in literacy (between 1970 & 2001) males (48% – 84%) free birth control and sterilization investment in literacy (between 1970 & 2001) males (48% – 84%) females (25% - 70%)** Total fertility rate dropped < 3 (expected to be 2 by 2010)

reduction in working hours for women to allow 2006 Pro-Natalist: reduction in working hours for women to allow for more child bearing & rearing http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38434672/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/t/iran-will-pay-new-babies-boost-population/ “I am against saying that two children are enough. Our country has a lot of capacity. It has the capacity for many children to grow in it. It even has the capacity for 120 million people. Westerners have got problems. Because their population growth is negative, they are worried and fear that if our population increases, we will triumph over them.” Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Nepal

Bolivia http://info.k4health.org/pr/j50/p5.jpg

Ethiopia

Indonesia

Vietnam 2 children is enough

Vietnam

Vietnam http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3206/3150039863_cb3ba3359d.jpg?v=0

India Wait until the 1st child is 3 before having your 2nd www.ecoworld.com/waters/indias-population.html

Egypt

United States

India s extremists want anti- Muslim family planning measure Ummah News ^ | June 14 2002 India's Hindu extremist party, the VHP, has asked the government to enforce family planning measures on the Muslim population, saying its rapid increase is "detrimental" to Hindus in the country

https://www. newsdeeply https://www.newsdeeply.com/womenandgirls/articles/2016/06/09/family-planning-beyond-sterilization-in-india