Relative width of annual rings (mm) 120 115 110 105 100 Relative width of annual rings (mm) 95 90 85 Label Edit Figure 10.2a (a) Douglas fir trees (Pseudotsuga menziesii) exhibit an inverse relationship between the allocation to reproduction (number of cones produced) and annual growth (as measured by radial growth). (Adapted from Eis 1965.) 80 75 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 (a) Mean number of cones per tree ( 102)

Specific growth rate (mm) Figure 10.2b: Sardinellas 40 35 30 (Number of oocytes  103) Absolute fecundity 25 20 Label Edit Figure 10.2b (b) The relationship between growth rate (Cv) and absolute fecundity (measured as the number of oocytes) of threeyear- old round sardinella. (Adapted from Tsikliras et al. 2007.) 15 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 Specific growth rate (mm)

Figure 10.16 This bull elk is bugling a challenge to other males in a contest to control a harem. Figure 10.16 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

0.6 Milk 0.5 0.4 Mortality ration (qx) Yeld 0.3 0.2 0.1 Figure 10.1a Label Edit Figure 10.1a (a) Age-specific mortality rates for red deer hinds that have reared a calf to weaning (milk hinds) milk and those that failed to produce or rear a calf (yeld hinds) show the effects of breeding on survival (measured as overwinter mortality). Increase in mortality rate is associated with declining condition (measured in terms of kidney fat) resulting from the energetic costs of lactation. (Clutton-Brock 1984.) 0.1 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

100 90 Yeld 80 Fecundity (%) 70 60 50 Milk 40 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 10.1b 100 90 Yeld 80 Fecundity (%) 70 60 50 Milk Label Edit Figure 10.1b (b) Red deer hinds that have reared a calf to weaning (milk hinds) are less likely to conceive the following year than yeld hinds. (Clutton-Brock 1984.) 40 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Hind age (years) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Optimizing ffspring quantity vs quality Chapter Opener 10 – Figure 0.0 A female Alaskan brown bear (Ursus arctos) with her three cubs. Litter sizes range from one to four cubs, born between the months of January and March. The cubs remain with their mothers for at least two and a half years, so the most frequently females can breed is every three years. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Trade-off between quality and quantity of offspring 105 Solidago populations Old field Prairie (mature) Oak woods Prairie (disturbed) 104 Number of seeds per stem 103 Label Edit Figure 10.10a (a) Inverse relationship between mean weight of individual seeds and the number of seeds produced per stem for populations of goldenrod (Solidago spp.) in a variety of habitats. (Adapted from Werner and Platt 1976.) 102 101 102 103 104 Mean weight (mg) of single seed within a population (a) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Litter size (number of offspring) (b) 2.2 2.0 1.8 Body mass (g) 1.6 1.4 Label Edit Figure 10.10b (b) Inverse relationship between litter size (number of offspring per litter) and average body mass (g) of offspring at birth for litters of bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). (Adapted from Oksanen et al. 2003.) 1.2 1.0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Litter size (number of offspring) (b) Figure 10.10b © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.