REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-2 http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-2 http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

REMEMBER BIO 1 http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

Atoms are the basic unit of MATTER: A NUCLEUS contains ______________ orbit nucleus in ENERGY LEVELS PROTONS (+) NEUTRONS ELECTRONS (-)

Atoms differ in numbers of protons, neutrons, & electrons Image from: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2004/lect02.htm

Atoms that have gained or lost electrons have an electric charge and are called __________ They are written with a + or – next to their symbol + Na IONS - Cl

Atoms/ions important for living things ____________ Carbon - C Oxygen - O Hydrogen - H Nitrogen - N Sulfur - S Phosphorus - P

ATOMS CAN JOIN TOGETHER TO MAKE MOLECULES Ex: Joining 2 HYDROGEN atoms with 1 OXYGEN atom makes ________ WATER A chemical formula tells what kind of molecules and how many are in a molecule EX: ________ H2O Image by: Riedell

________________ = kind of chemical reaction in which molecules are produced by joining smaller molecules together 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H20 SYNTHESIS Hydrogen molecule oxygen molecule 2 water molecules

An chemical equation tells what happens in a chemical reaction when molecules interact. NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H20 ______________ _______________ Molecules that react Molecules that are produced → reactants products http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif

Chemical reactions need help to get started EX: A fire needs a match to get it started. IT’S LIKE PUSHING A SNOWBALL UP A HILL . . . Once you get it up there, it can roll down by itself http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SBI3C/Cells/Protein-Structure03.jpg In living systems ___________ called __________ help chemical reactions happen. PROTEINS ENZYMES SEE ANIMATION of AMYLASE Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm

PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES ENZYMES fit together with _____________ (reactants) like a lock and key to form an ____________________________. SUBSTRATES ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX PRODUCTS __________are released and enzyme is free to help again http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif

See a video about ENZYME REACTIONS 2D

-ASE Many enzyme NAMES end in _____ and the beginning of the name tells what it does DNA Polymerase= “polymerizes” joins monomers to make DNA Protease= breaks down proteins ATP synthase= synthesizes ATP

Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS began centuries ago with this simple question: When a tiny seed grows into a huge plant, where does all the “new plant” come from? http://www.nofretete-page.de/gemischtNeu/TN_plant_grow_w.JPG

EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT a Belgian physician ___________________ determined the mass of a pot of dry soil and a small seedling. Jan van Helmont Then he planted the seedling in the pot and watered it regularly. At the end of 5 years the _____________ __________about 75 kg, but the mass of the _________ was almost ________________. seedling had gained soil unchanged He decided the “increase in plant” had to come from the ________… that was the only thing he had added! WATER http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html

EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT Van Helmont didn’t realize the major contribution to the mass of his tree was something he couldn’t see… __________________ from the air. carbon dioxide Plants use _______ and ______ dioxide to make ___________________ water carbon Carbohydrates http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html

EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT 1771- An English minister, _________________________, discovered that a flame burning in a closed jar would die out. If he placed a __________ in the jar and allowed a few days to pass, the candle could be lit again. Joseph Priestley http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_7.html http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_8.html live plant The plant produced something “required for burning” that the candle used up OXYGEN We now know it was …____________

EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT 1779- Dutch scientist ________________________ showed Priestley’s plant experiment only worked if the plant was exposed to _________________ ! Jan Ingenhousz light http://www.rgg.og.schule-bw.de/Dokus/d-faech/Biologie/Klasse%208/Bilder/Fotosynthese/Ingenhousz-Netz.JPG

EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT http://www.bookrags.com/Melvin_Calvin 1961- American chemist ________________________ received the Nobel prize for figuring out the chemical _______________ used by plants to make sugar Melvin Calvin pathway http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/Calvincycle.html

THE BIG PICTURE → These experiments led to work by later scientists who finally discovered that in the presence of light, plants transform CO2 and water into carbohydrates and release oxygen. Carbon dioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________ 6 CO2 6 H2O → C6H12O6 6 O2 _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________

chlorophyll light energy In addition to water and carbon dioxide, __________________ and are needed for photosynthesis to happen. http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255phts/255phts.htm chlorophyll light energy

Photosynthesis consumed ____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction. consumed Product Y Reaction 1 → Product → X Reaction 2 → A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as a __________________________ biochemical pathway

See a video about PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8B

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction oxygen Light & Water ATP NADPH (CH2O)n Carbon Dioxide Light-Independent Reactions Calvin Cycle

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products LIGHT ENERGY 6CO2 + 6H2O SUGAR + 6O2

http://son.nasa.gov/tass/images/cont_emspec2.jpg http://www.ology.amnh.org/einstein/lightmatterenergy/light.html

colors Visible light is made up of many different _______________of light Your eyes “see” different sizes of waves as different ___________ wavelengths colors http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg

Myth: Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis, BUT . . . . Image from: http://oogletutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/photoshop-lesson-green-leaf-design26.gif

BUT… We “see” reflected light Light wavelengths that are ___________ off of objects bounce back to our eyes . That is the ___________ we “see” REFLECTED COLOR Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html

absorbs ALL except BLUE reflected This book “looks BLUE” because the dye in this cover _______________ of the wavelengths of light _________ blue. _______ light is ____________ to your eyes and it looks BLUE absorbs ALL except BLUE reflected http://www.michaelhyatt.com/fromwhereisit/bluebook.jpg

except red reflected The dye in this T shirt absorbs all of the colors __________________________ Red wavelengths are _________________ to your eyes and the shirt looks RED except red reflected GO CATS! http://jacksbear.com/shop/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=9

absorbs ALL ENERGY Objects “look BLACK” because black dye ________________ of the wavelengths of light. When wavelengths are absorbed so is the_____________ of the wave. That is why wearing a black T-shirt in the summer feels warmer than wearing a white t-shirt. absorbs ALL ENERGY http://www.eventsonline.ca/events/vowsa/black_shirt.jpg http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif

The dye in white objects _____________ of the wavelengths of light. _______ energy is ABSORBED so wearing white clothing is “cooler”. REFLECTS ALL LITTLE http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif http://www.12stitch.com/shop/images/options/Blank-White-Shirt.jpg

Which wavelengths of light are these Flowers REFLECTING? Purple & yellow yellow Images by: VanderWal

Which wavelengths of light do these LEAVES reflect? green So green leaves ____________ the green wavelength of light. REFLECT Image by: VanderWal

Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ___________. pigments By: VanderWal

(These look yellow, orange, and red) CHLOROPHYLL http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg The main energy absorbing molecule in green plants is ___________________ _________________ are plant pigments too. (These look yellow, orange, and red) CHLOROPHYLL CAROTENOIDS http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg

GREEN leaves have BOTH chlorophyll AND carotenoids __________________ but the huge amount of chlorophyll ______ the other colors and leaves usually look green ALL THE TIME hides

In ______, chlorophyll production slows as the trees shut down and photosynthesis stops for winter. FALL http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/ecology_notes_bi.htm

carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll Then we can see the carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll HIDDEN http://www.litzsinger.org/weblog/archives/email%20AutumnTrees5%20LREC%20102605.jpg

There are two types of chlorophyll © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. There are two types of chlorophyll __________________ & ___________________ Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a absorbs the _____ & ________ wavelengths best. It absorbs very little ______ light. violet red Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a red Blue

There are two types of chlorophyll © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. There are two types of chlorophyll __________________ & ___________________ Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll b absorbs some ______light and even more _________ light. red Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a Blue-violet red

NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT! © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT! Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a GREEN red

That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN….. http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN….. Chlorophyll doesn’t absorb…. it ___________ GREEN light! REFLECTS

That’s why plant have other pigments (like carotenoids) That’s why plant have other pigments (like carotenoids). They help _________ some wavelengths chlorophyll _______; so the plant can __________ of the sun’s energy. ABSORB DOESN’T USE MORE http://members.aol.com/diaspore/vhouse/biology/projects/photosynthesis/woida/meaning_of_light.html#question_1

SO WHAT WAVELENGTHS ARE BEST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS? © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b THE ONES CHLOROPHYLL ABSORBS THE BEST ________ and _______________ Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a red Blue-violet

Pearson Education Inc, Pusblishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Because light is a form of ___________, any molecule that absorbs light also ___________the energy from the light. ENERGY ABSORBS

ENERGY & ELECTRONS When chlorophyll absorbs light, the http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif When chlorophyll absorbs light, the energy is transferred to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. HIGH ENERGY ____________ make photosynthesis work! ELECTRONS http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif

SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis: The students will be able to: explain the biochemical processes that a plant uses in photosynthesis explain the role ADP-ATP cycle has within the chloroplast of the cell (9-12.L.1.1) explain the light reaction (9-12.L.1.1) explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the Calvin Cycle (9-12.L.1.1)

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts

Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the Calvin Cycle; analyze chemical reaction and chemical processes involved in the Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle; predict the function of a given structure; PROFICIENT level: describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes) describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes); describe the relationship between structure and function BASIC level name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes) name chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes); recognize that different structures perform different functions;

SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things. 9-12.L.1.1A. Students are able to explain the physical and chemical processes of photosynthesis and cell respiration and their importance to plant and animal life. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: photosystems, photophosphorylation, Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle