a multicultural challenge Multiple lens and work modeling in complex projects: a multicultural challenge January 2, 2019 Americo Cunha, PhD

What does a dog sound like? In Australia, Brazil, Japan, Korea, France, Italy

Now, they want me talking several languages….

Common Base of Knowledge PM

Ideas Models Reality

The act of PROJECT modelling The model user (or team) interprets the model to execute the project Work to be modelled Project Management tools Environment to be changed People and Organization Business rules Business process and procedures. Information systems. Other explicit, documented , implicit and tacit information. The modeller The model user Organizations Problem analysis. Organization design Business process and procedures implemented. Information systems development Infrastructure Project Model Project Manager Stakeholders Executors The modeller (or team) select, sort the key information and represent the reality by models (graphical representation) Cunha, A. B., & Canen, A. G. (2008). Requirements gathering in information technology: A cross-cultural perspective. Paper presented at the Professional Communication Conference IPCC 2008, 1-8.

The act of PROJECT modelling Work to be modelled Environment to be changed Project Manager Stakeholders Executors People and Organization Business rules Business process and procedures. Information systems. Other explicit, documented , implicit and tacit information. Organizations Problem analysis. Organization design Business process and procedures implemented. Information systems development Infrastructure Project Model Interpretation Translation Analysis Evaluation ACTIVITIES Ambiguity Misinterpretation Gap among the model, objectives, and reality PROBLEMS Cunha, A. B., & Canen, A. G. (2008). Requirements gathering in information technology: A cross-cultural perspective. Paper presented at the Professional Communication Conference IPCC 2008, 1-8.

Gap among the model, objectives, and reality Ideas Models Reality Analysis Interpretation Translation Evaluation Ambiguity Misinterpretation Gap among the model, objectives, and reality

Multicultural Distinct cultures

Dimensions and Value Orientations   Hampden-Turner & Trompenaars (Hampden-Turner e Trompenaars 2000) Hofstede & Hofstede (Hofstede and Hofstede, Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind 2004) GLOBE Project House, et al. (House, et al. 2004) Dimensions and Value Orientations universalism versus particularism individualism versus communitarianism specificity versus diffusion achieved status versus ascribed status inner direction versus outer direction sequential time versus synchronous time large versus small power distance individualism versus collectivism masculinity versus femininity strong versus weak uncertainty avoidance long-term versus short- term orientation performance orientation uncertainty avoidance humane orientation institutional collectivism in-group collectivism assertiveness gender egalitarianism future orientation power distance

sequential time versus synchronous time Time of arrival

Mental Programming Figure 3: Three Levels of Uniqueness in Mental Programming [Hofstede, G.H. and Hofstede, G.J. (2005). Cultures and organizations: software of the mind. 2nd ed. Publisher New York: McGraw-Hill]

1 2 3 4 5 Communication between two human actors (Falkenberg, E. et al. (1998) A Framework of Information System Concepts: The FRISCO Report. International Federation for Information Processing – IFIP, WG. 8.1)

Multicultural Scenarios (1) Stakeholders Executors Work to be modelled Project Manager Environment to change People and Organization Business rules Business process and procedures. Information systems. Other explicit, documented , implicit and tacit information. Project Model Organizations Problem analysis. Organization design Business process and procedures implemented. Information systems development Infrastructure Cunha, A. B., & Canen, A. G. (2008). Requirements gathering in information technology: A cross-cultural perspective. Paper presented at the Professional Communication Conference IPCC 2008, 1-8.

Multicultural Scenarios (2) Work to be modelled Project Manager Stakeholders Executors Environment to change People and Organization Business rules Business process and procedures. Information systems. Other explicit, documented , implicit and tacit information. Project Model Organizations Problem analysis. Organization design Business process and procedures implemented. Information systems development Infrastructure People and Organization Business rules Business process and procedures. Information systems. Other explicit, documented , implicit and tacit information. People and Organization Business rules Business process and procedures. Information systems. Other explicit, documented , implicit and tacit information. MULTICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT TO BE MODELLED {globalization} Cunha, A. B., & Canen, A. G. (2008). Requirements gathering in information technology: A cross-cultural perspective. Paper presented at the Professional Communication Conference IPCC 2008, 1-8.

Multicultural Scenarios (3) Project Manager Stakeholders Executors Work to be modelled Environment to change People and Organization Business rules Business process and procedures. Information systems. Other explicit, documented , implicit and tacit information. Project Model Organizations Problem analysis. Organization design Business process and procedures implemented. Information systems development Infrastructure MULTICULTURAL PROJECT TEAM {network organization} Cunha, A. B., & Canen, A. G. (2008). Requirements gathering in information technology: A cross-cultural perspective. Paper presented at the Professional Communication Conference IPCC 2008, 1-8.

Multicultural Scenarios (4) Project Manager Stakeholders Executors Work to be modelled Environment to change People and Organization Business rules Business process and procedures. Information systems. Other explicit, documented , implicit and tacit information. Project Model Organizations Problem analysis. Organization design Business process and procedures implemented. Information systems development Infrastructure People and Organization Business rules Business process and procedures. Information systems. Other explicit, documented , implicit and tacit information. People and Organization Business rules Business process and procedures. Information systems. Other explicit, documented , implicit and tacit information. many-to-many intercultural interaction Cunha, A. B., & Canen, A. G. (2008). Requirements gathering in information technology: A cross-cultural perspective. Paper presented at the Professional Communication Conference IPCC 2008, 1-8.

Gap among the model, objectives, and reality Ideas Models Reality Analysis Interpretation Translation Evaluating Ambiguity Misinterpretation Gap among the model, objectives, and reality

1-Interpretation 2-Consistency MODELING DIMENSION QUESTION Does the cultural background influence project modeling outcomes? Is there a modeling technique more likely to be influenced by cultural dimensions? 2-Consistency What kind of error margin is introduced in a project model due to the project manager’s and SME’s cultural traits? What is the reliability of a model developed in one cultural context and used in another?

Conclusion Cross-cultural competences The development of abilities to detect, understand, and explore the multicultural differences manifested during the project activities. Support positive attitudes and capitalize on the plurality of views in any given global project.

a multicultural challenge Multiple lens and work modeling in complex projects: a multicultural challenge January 2, 2019 Americo Cunha, PhD