Chapter 2 Modeling the Process and Life Cycle Shari L. Pfleeger Joanne M. Atlee 4th Edition

2.1 The Meaning of Process A process: a series of steps involving activities, constraints, and resources that produce an intended output of some kind A process involves a set of tools and techniques

2.1 The Meaning of Process Process Characteristics Prescribes all major process activities Uses resources, subject to set of constraints (such as schedule) Produces intermediate and final products May be composed of subprocesses with hierarchy or links Each process activity has entry and exit criteria Activities are organized in sequence, so timing is clear Includes goals of each activity Constraints may apply to an activity, resource or product

2.1 The Meaning of Process The Importance of Processes Impose consistency and structure on a set of activities Guide us to understand, control, examine, and improve the activities Enable us to capture our experiences and pass them along

2.2 Software Process Models Reasons for Modeling a Process To form a common understanding To find inconsistencies, redundancies, omissions To find and evaluate appropriate activities for reaching process goals To tailor a general process for a particular situation in which it will be used

2.2 Software Process Models Software Life Cycle When a process involves building a software, the process may be referred to as software life cycle Requirements analysis and definition System (architecture) design Program (detailed/procedural) design Writing programs (coding/implementation) Testing: unit, integration, system System delivery (deployment) Maintenance

2.2 Software Process Models Software Development Process Models Waterfall model V model Prototyping model Phased development: increments and iteration Spiral model Agile methods

2.2 Software Process Models Waterfall Model One of the first process development models proposed Works for well understood problems with minimal or no changes in the requirements Simple and easy to explain to customers It presents a very high-level view of the development process sequence of process activities Each major phase is marked by milestones and deliverables (artifacts)

2.2 Software Process Models Waterfall Model (continued)

2.2 Software Process Models Drawbacks of The Waterfall Model Views software development as manufacturing process No guidance how to handle changes to products and activities during development There is no iteration The clients may not know the requirements Changing requirements in later stages cause increased overall project cost Long wait before a final product

2.2 Software Process Models V Model A variation of the waterfall model Uses unit testing to verify module design Uses integration testing to verify system design Uses acceptance testing to validate the requirements If problems are found during verification and validation, the left side of the V can be re- executed before testing on the right side is re- enacted Adoption by medical device industry

2.2 Software Process Models V Model (continued)

2.2 Software Process Models Drawbacks of The V Model Has similar drawbacks as the waterfall model Too simple - may not reflect the software process accurately Use of inefficient and ineffective testing techniques Rigid link between left-side and right-side (acceptance testing corresponds to the user requirements)

2.2 Software Process Models Prototyping Model Reduces risk and uncertainty in the development as well as time and cost Online systems and HCI

2.2 Software Process Models Drawbacks of The Prototype Model Not sufficient analysis (functionality, scalability, maintainability) User misunderstanding (prototype vs. final product) Developer misunderstanding the user reqs. Too much time spent on prototype development Increased cost Increased involvement and attachment to prototype

2.2 Software Process Models Phased Development: Increments and Iterations Shorter cycle time System delivered in pieces enables customers to have some functionality while the rest is being developed Allows two systems functioning in parallel the production system (release n): currently being used the development system (release n+1): the next version Supported by US DoD, NASA

2.2 Software Process Models Phased Development: Increments and Iterations (continued)

2.2 Software Process Models Phased Development: Increments and Iterations (continued) Incremental development: starts with small functional subsystem and adds functionality with each new release Iterative development: starts with full system, then changes functionality of each subsystem with each new release

2.2 Software Process Models Phased Development: Increments and Iterations (continued) Phased development is desirable for several reasons Markets can be created early for functionality that has never before been offered The development team can focus on different areas of expertise with different releases Easier to test and debug Regression testing after each iteration

2.2 Software Process Models Spiral Model Suggested by Boehm (1988) Combines development activities with risk management to minimize and control risks The model is presented as a spiral in which each iteration is represented by a circuit around four major activities Plan Determine goals, alternatives and constraints Evaluate alternatives and risks Develop and test

2.2 Software Process Models Spiral Model (continued)

2.2 Software Process Models Agile Methods Emphasis on flexibility in producing software quickly Agile manifesto Value individuals and interactions over process and tools Prefer to invest time in producing working software rather than in producing comprehensive documentation Focus on customer collaboration rather than contract negotiation Concentrate on responding to change rather than on creating a plan and then following it

2.2 Software Process Models Agile Methods: Examples of Agile Process Extreme programming (XP) Scrum: 30-day iterations; multiple self- organizing teams; daily “scrum” coordination

2.2 Software Process Models Agile Methods: Extreme Programming Emphasis on four charateristics of agility Communication: continual interchange between customers and developers Simplicity: select the simplest design or implementation Courage: commitment to delivering functionality early and often Feedback: loops built into the various activitites during the development process

2.2 Software Process Models Agile Methods: Twelve Facets of XP Planning game (weekly meeting or per iteration) Small release (weeks rather than months) Common vision Simple design Writing tests first Refactoring Pair programming Collective ownership Continuous integration (small increments) Sustainable pace (40 hours/week) On-site customer Coding standard

2.2 Software Process Models Extreme Programming Frequent releases in short development cycles to achieve higher quality and productivity Programming pairs, extensive code review, and unit testing Frequent communication with the customer and programmers

2.2 Software Process Models Agile Methods: Scrum 30-day iterations multiple self-organizing teams daily “scrum” coordination three roles: product owner, development team, and scrum master sprint (iteration): basic unit in scrum

2.3 Tools and Techniques for Process Modeling Notation depends on what we want to capture in the model The two major notation categories Static model: depicts the process Dynamic model: enacts the process

Element of a process are viewed in terms of seven types 2.3 Tools and Techniques for Process Modeling Static Modeling: Lai Notation Element of a process are viewed in terms of seven types Activity Sequence Process model Resource Control Policy Organization Several templates, such as an Artifact Definition Template

2.3 Tools and Techniques for Process Modeling Static Modeling: Lai Notation

2.3 Tools and Techniques for Process Modeling Static Modeling: Lai Notation (continued) The process of starting a car

2.3 Tools and Techniques for Process Modeling Static Modeling: Lai Notation (continued) Transition diagram illustrates the transition for a car

2.3 Tools and Techniques for Process Modeling Dynamic Modeling Enables enaction of process to see what happens to resources and artifacts as activities occur Simulate alternatives and make changes to improve the process Example: systems dynamics model

2.3 Tools and Techniques for Process Modeling Dynamic Modeling: System Dynamics (continued) Pictorial presentation of factors affecting productivity Arrows indicate how changes in one factor change another

2.5. Information System Example Piccadilly Television Advertising System Needs a system that is easily maintained and changed Requirements may change Waterfall model is not applicable User interface prototyping is an advantage There is uncertainty in regulation and business constraints Need to manage risks Spiral model is the most appropriate

2.5. Information System Example Piccadilly System (continued) Risk can be viewed in terms of two facets Probability: the likelyhood a particular problem may occur Severity: the impact it will have on the system To manage risk, it needs to include characterization of risks in the process model Risk is an artifact that needs to be described

2.5. Information System Example Lai Artifact Table for Piccadilly System

2.6 Real Time Example Ariane-5 Software Involved reuse of software from Ariane-4 The reuse process model Identify resuable subprocesses, describe them and place them in a library Examine the requirements for the new software and the reusable components from library and produce revised set of requirements Use the revised requirements to design the software Evaluate all reused design components to certify the correctness and consistency Build or change the software

2.7 What this Chapter Means for You Process development involves activities, resources, and product Process model includes organizational, functional, behavioral and other prespectives A process model is useful for guiding team behavior, coordination and collaboration