Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved PowerPoint Presentations for Seventh Edition Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Vivian McCann Prepared by Beth M. Schwartz Randolph College This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Psychological Disorders Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

What Is Psychological Disorder? Three classic signs suggest severe psychological disorder: Hallucinations Delusions Affective disturbances Part of a continuum ranging from absence of disorder to severe disorder Disorders are a exaggeration of normal responses Key Question 12.1: What is psychological disorder? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

The Spectrum of Mental Disorder Table 12.1 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

What Is Psychological Disorder? The medical model views psychological disorders as diseases, while the psychological view sees them as an interaction of biological, behavioral, cognitive, and social-cultural factors. Key Question 12.1: What is psychological disorder? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Changing Concepts of Psychological Disorder: Historical Roots Ancient World Supernatural powers Possession by demons and spirits 400 B.C. Physical causes Hippocrates: imbalance of humors Middle Ages Medieval church Demons and witchcraft Eighteenth Century Mental disorders are diseases of the mind. Similar to other physical diseases Objective causes requiring specific treatments Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Changing Concepts of Psychological Disorder: The Psychological Model Behavioral Perspective Abnormal behaviors can be acquired through behavioral learning; environmental conditions Cognitive Perspective Abnormal behaviors are influenced by mental processes: thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and memory Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Changing Concepts of Psychological Disorder: The Psychological Model Social-Learning Theory Combines these two perspectives Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

The Biopsychology of Mental Disorder Insert figure 12.1 here Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Indicators of Abnormality Distress Maladaptiveness Irrationality Unpredictability Unconventionality and undesirable behavior Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Indicators of Abnormality Distress Does the individual show unusual or prolonged levels of unease or anxiety? Maladaptiveness Irrationality Unpredictability Unconventionality and undesirable behavior Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Indicators of Abnormality Distress Does the person regularly act in ways that make others fearful or that interfere with his or her well-being? Maladaptiveness Irrationality Unpredictability Unconventionality and undesirable behavior Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Indicators of Abnormality Distress Does the person act or talk in ways that are irrational or incomprehensible to others? Maladaptiveness Irrationality Unpredictability Unconventionality and undesirable behavior Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Indicators of Abnormality Does the individual behave erratically and inconsistently at different times or from one situation to another? Is the individual experiencing a loss of control? Distress Maladaptiveness Irrationality Unpredictability Unconventionality and undesirable behavior Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Indicators of Abnormality Distress Does the person behave in ways that are statistically rare and violate social norms? Maladaptiveness Irrationality Unpredictability Unconventionality and undesirable behavior Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

How are Psychological Disorders Classified in the DSM-IV? The DSM-IV, the most widely used system for classifying mental disorders, organizes psychological disorders by their mental and behavioral symptoms. Key Question 12.2: How are psychological disorders classified in the DSM-IV? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Overview of DSM-IV Classification System Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Includes 300+ disorders Gives practitioners a common language symptoms, syndromes, diagnoses, diseases No definition of “normal” Five-dimensional diagnosis: The Multiaxial System Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

The Multiaxial Syndrome: Diagnosis Example Axis I The primary diagnosis Major depressive disorder Axis II Long-standing problems Narcissistic personality disorder Axis III Relevant medical problems Chronic lumbar pain, hypothyroidism Axis IV Social or environmental issues Recently divorced, unemployed Axis V Overall assessment (1=severe impairment to 100=absence of symptoms) GAF = 65 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Mood Disorders Abnormal disturbance in emotion or mood, including bipolar disorder and unipolar disorder; also called affective disorders Major Depression Form of depression that does not alternate with mania Accounts for majority of mental hospital admissions Most prevalent form of disability around the world Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Believed to be caused by deprivation of sunlight Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Mood Disorders Bipolar Disorder A mental abnormality involving swings of mood from mania to depression Mania excessive elation or manic excitement Depression sadness or despair Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any known external cause Panic Disorder Marked by panic attacks that have no obvious connection to events in a person’s present experience Agoraphobia Fear of public places/open spaces Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Anxiety Disorders Phobia or Phobic Disorder Disorder involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation Cause: Preparedness Hypothesis The notion that we have an innate tendency to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Phobias Table 12.3 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Phobias Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors obsession: thoughts, images, impulses that reoccur compulsions: repetitive, purposeful acts Genetic link: tendency to run in families Learning component Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Somatoform Disorders Psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints Conversion Disorder Paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernible physical cause Hypochondriasis Excessive concern about health and disease; also called hypochondria Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Dissociative Disorders Group of pathologies involving “fragmentation” of the personality Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia Psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Fugue Dissociative amnesia with the addition of “flight” from one’s home, family, and job Depersonalization Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization Disorder Abnormality involving the sensation that mind and body have separated Dissociative Identity Disorder Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization Disorder Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities Dissociative Identity Disorder Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Schizophrenic Disorders Schizophrenia Severe psychopathology Personality disintegrates Emotional life is disrupted Cognitive processes distorted More common in men than women First appearance: typically before age twenty-five for men; between twenty-five and forty-five for women Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Major Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Major Types of Schizophrenia Features incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Type Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Major Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Catatonic Involves remaining motionless or extreme excitement Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Type Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Major Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Prominent feature: combination of delusions and hallucinations Undifferentiated Residual Type Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Major Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories Undifferentiated Residual Type Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Major Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of major symptoms Residual Type Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Criteria for a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Table 12.4 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Possible Causes of Schizophrenia Fundamentally a brain disorder Biological Factors Genetic factors place the individual at risk, but environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

MRI Scans of Twins: One with and One without Schizophrenia Figure 12.6 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Figure 12.7 Genetic Risk of Developing Schizophrenia The graph shows average risks for developing schizophrenia in persons with a relative that has schizophrenia. Data were compiled from family and twin studies conducted in European populations between 1920 and 1987; the degree of risk correlates highly with the degree of genetic relatedness. Source: Figure 10 from p. 96 of Gottesman, I. (1991). Schizophrenia Genesis: The Origins of Madness. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt & Co. Copyright © 1991. Reprinted by permission of W. H. Freeman and Company/Worth Publishers. Figure 12.7 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Developmental Disorders Can appear at any age, but often first seen in childhood Autism Marked by impoverished ability to “read” other people, use language, or interact socially Dyslexia A reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in maintaining inactive for any period Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Personality Disorders Chronic patterns of poor judgment, disordered thinking, emotional disturbances, disrupted social relationships, or lack of impulse control Narcissistic exaggerated sense of self-importance, need for constant attention or admiration, or preoccupation with fantasies of success or power Antisocial lack of conscience or a sense of responsibility to others Borderline instability and impulsivity; unpredictable moods and stormy personal relationships, little tolerance for frustration Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Parent-Child Problems Adjustment Disorders and Other Conditions that May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention Mild Depression Marital Problems Physical Complaints Academic Problems Parent-Child Problems Job Problems Bereavement Malingering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

What are the Consequences of Labeling People? Ideally, accurate diagnoses lead to proper treatments—but diagnoses may also become labels that depersonalize individuals and ignore the social and cultural contexts in which their problems arise. Key Question 12.3: What are the consequences of labeling people? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Diagnostic Labels Depersonalization Results from labeling Depriving people of their identity and individuality by treating them as objects rather than as individuals Reinforces disturbed behavior Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Plea of Insanity Insanity A legal term—not a psychological or psychiatric one—referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to confirm his or her behavior to the law Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved